Cholinergic Neuron
What are the three different receptors?
Cholinergic receptors, Nicotinic receptors, Nicotinic-muscle receptors.
What is the role of Dopamine?
Dopamine enters the inner cell via the VMAT and releases the H+ proton and Dopamine become NE with the help of the Beta-hydroxylase enzyme.
Identify two points in the Krebs cycle where carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released and explain why this is significant for cellular metabolism.
In glycolysis Glucose turns into glucose-6-phosphate with the help of what enzyme?
Hexokinase
For Cholinergic receptors what are the two type of drug groups and explain what they do.
* Direct-acting- Increase G1 secretion and motality, increase urinary tract infection and increase pupillary construction.
* Indirect-acting- reversible & irreversible inhibitors.
What does the NE transporter do in the Adrenergic neuron do?
Na+ goes into the neuron receptor as well as the NE enters back into the neuron. The NE will go into the DOPGAL from the MAO enzyme.
Explain why the cycle is essential for cellular respiration and where it takes place within the cell.
The Krebs cycle is essential because it generates high-energy molecules (NADH and FADH₂) that fuel the electron transport chain, where most of the ATP in cellular respiration is produced.
How many molecules of Pyruvate will be produced if there are 3 glucose molecules?
3 x 2 = 6 Pyruvates
1 glucose molecule = 2 Pyruvate molecules
What does the Nicotinic receptors do and the Nicotinic-muscle receptors?
Nicotinic receptors: Lobeline- gives the patient the feeling of addiction.
Nicotinic-muscle receptors: ACH stimulates this receptor.
What are the two enzymes that are used to convert Tyrosine to Dopamine?
Tyrosine hydroxylase and Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
What are 5 subtypes of the G&G? What are their signaling mediators?
alpha-1: Gq, Gi, Go
alpha-2: Gi, Go
beta-1: Gs
beta-2: Gs
beta-3: Gs
Need to know this entire table.
Explain the difference between Angiotensinogen and Kininogen related to blood pressure?
Effect on Blood Pressure: Angiotensinogen, through the actions of angiotensin II, helps raise blood pressure.
Effect on Blood Pressure: Kininogen, through bradykinin, promotes blood pressure reduction.
What are the two important enzymes? What is the final product that is being release from the Cholinergic neuron? What does this product activate?
Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase.
ACh
Muscarinic ACh receptor (M2, M4), (M1, M3, M5), Nicotinic ACh receptor, Choline + acetate and Nicotinic ACh receptor.
What is the final product of the adrenergic neuron? What does this product activate?
NE, activates alpha-2- adrenergic receptor, NE transporter, alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 postsynaptic adrenergic receptors.
Describe the key steps of the Krebs cycle, including the main molecules involved and the energy-carrying products generated in each turn of the cycle.
Formation of Citrate: The cycle begins with acetyl-CoA (derived from pyruvate) combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon molecule.
Isomerization of Citrate to Isocitrate: Citrate is converted into its isomer, isocitrate.
Oxidation and Decarboxylation of Isocitrate: Isocitrate is oxidized to α-ketoglutarate, releasing one molecule of CO₂ and producing one NADH.
Formation of Succinyl-CoA: α-Ketoglutarate undergoes another decarboxylation, releasing CO₂ and forming succinyl-CoA. This step generates another molecule of NADH.
Conversion of Succinyl-CoA to Succinate: Succinyl-CoA is converted to succinate, generating one GTP (or ATP, depending on the cell type).
Oxidation of Succinate to Fumarate: Succinate is oxidized to fumarate, producing one molecule of FADH₂.
Conversion of Fumarate to Malate: Fumarate is converted to malate by the addition of a water molecule.
Oxidation of Malate to Oxaloacetate: Malate is oxidized to regenerate oxaloacetate, producing another NADH and allowing the cycle to continue.
With the site of action vasodilators explain how contractility relates to relaxation? What two drugs will effect the contractility?
Ca2+ -> Ca2+-CaM -> activates MLCK -> MLC ->to MLC-P -> Contractility
MLC-P -> MLC with the help of Phosphatase to promote relaxation.
ACE Inhibitors and Ca2+ channel blockers.
Give a brief description of the entire Cholinergic neuron?
Draw on the board.
Give a brief description of the entire Cholinergic neuron?
Draw on the board
Final Jeopardy
Acetyl CoA (2 C-CoA --> CoA) will go to a 6 C molecule formed from acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate. To a 5 C molecule releasing a NADH + CO2 then goes into a 4 C molecule releasing a NADH + CO2. During the rest of the cycle GTP, FADH2 and another NADH molecules are released. The 4 C acceptor molecule is regenerated each cycle.
When the electron transport chain is disrupted what can malfunction?
The H+ is then malfunction which causes the protonation and deprotonation of the blood to disfunction.