Introduction
This prevention is the primary goal of process safety.
What is loss of containment?
This acronym stands for the 14-step OSHA standard 1910.119.
What is PSM?
The ISD strategy of using smaller quantities of hazardous materials.
What is minimization or Intensification?
This 1984 tragedy in India involved a massive release of MIC.
What is the Bhopal accident?
The internal pressure at which a relief valve is designed to open.
What is the set pressure?
Unlike "Personal Safety" (slips/trips), this focuses on high-consequence, low-frequency events.
What is process safety?
This document shows the piping, vessels, and control logic.
What is the Piping & Instrumentation Diagram?
The ISD strategy of replacing a hazardous material with a less potent one.
What is substitution?
This 2005 Texas incident was caused by a liquid overfill in a splitter.
What is the BP Texas City accident?
The pressure increase above the set pressure allowed during a discharge.
What is overpressure?
The "Model" that shows how holes in barriers align to cause an accident.
What is a Swiss Cheese Model?
This brainstorming method uses "Guide Words" like No, More, or Reverse.
What is HAZOP?
The ISD strategy of using less extreme temperatures or pressures.
What is moderation or attenuation?
The 1988 North Sea disaster caused by a poor Permit-to-Work communication.
What is the Piper Alpha accident?
This device uses a thin metal membrane that bursts to release pressure.
What is a Rupture Disk?
These "Indicators" help predict a failure before it happens.
What is leading indicators?
This must be performed before any change is made to a process.
What is a Management of Change or MOC?
The ISD strategy of designing a process to be "user-friendly" or robust.
What is simplification?
This 1989 TX explosion led to the creation of OSHA PSM standard.
What is the Pasadena / Phillips 66 accident?
This large vertical pipe or tower safely burns off gases discharged by relief valves.
What is a flare?
The "Risk" of a process is calculated by multiplying Frequency times this.
What is the consequence?
The maximum pressure a vessel can handle and should never be exceeded in operation.
What is a Maximum Allowable Working Pressure or MAWP?
The ISD strategy of choosing a gravity-fed flow system over a complex pump-and-interlock system.
What is simplification?
This US federal agency was authorized by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to investigate chemical accidents and issue safety recommendations.
What is the US Chemical Safety Board or CSB?
The difference between the set pressure and the pressure at which the valve closes.
What is Blowdown?
Unlike a suggested guideline, this is a mandatory requirement issued by a government authority that carries the full force of law.
What is a regulation?
The extrinsic safety strategy the doesn't prevent a leak, but is designed to catch it and contain the spread.
What is passive engineering safety?
The ISD strategy of reducing complexity by making it "obvious" how to operate safely, such as labeling pipes with flow direction and contents.
What is simplification or user-friendliness?
The discharge from the over-pressurized isomerization unit went directly into this piece of equipment.
What is a blowdown tower?
The pressure relieving device that is preferred in corrosive environments.
What is a rupture disk?