Cumulative
Why do atoms bond to each other to form compounds?
What is a more stable, low-energy state?
I am sucrose, made up of glucose and fructose. Which class of carbohydrate am I?
What is disaccharide?
Glycine, an amino acid, has an R-group of a single hydrogen atom. Is the alpha carbon chiral? Why or why not?
What is no because there are two hydrogens on the carbon, meaning that the carbon is not bonded to 4 different groups?
Stacy is looking at a nucleic acid. She notices that it has a single strand and nucleotides with fused rings, a phosphate group, and a sugar with OH on all 3 chiral carbons. What is it (identify the nucleic acid, type of nucleobase, and sugar)?
What is RNA, purine, and ribose?
Johnny is teaching his friend chemistry and says, "I think that since breaking bonds requires energy, catabolism always directly requires ATP." Is Johnny correct? Why or why not?
What is no because it breaks down substances, releasing energy (+ATP) from chemical bonds?
I have 7 protons and 10 electrons. What am I?
What is N3-?
I am a monosaccharide with 5 chiral carbons. How many stereoisomers do I have?
At physiological pH, the overall charge of an amino acid is +1. What is the classification based on its R group?
What is polar basic?
Where are all three types of RNA found, and during which step of protein synthesis?
What is the ribosome during translation?
Look at the following reaction:
NADH -> NAD+ + H+ + 2e-
What type of reaction is this? Identify the two forms of the energy exchanging nucleotide.
What is redox and NADH (reduced) and NAD+ (oxidized)?
Draw the Lewis structure for COF2. What is the molecular geometry?
What is (Will draw on the board) and trigonal planar?
I was a ketose, but after a redox reaction, I became an aldehyde. Was I reduced or oxidized?
What is reduced?
I am a structure whose backbones are held together by H bonds and have a zig-zag/fan-like structure. What am I?
Jane wants to make a protein that begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon. She finds a DNA strand that begins with ATG and ends with TGA. Will this work? Why or why not?
What is no because the mRNA sequence would start with UAC (Tyr) and end with ACU (Thr)?
What is the metabolic pathway for glycolysis (equation)?
What is
D-glucose (C6H12O6) + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP?
Name the type of bond present in each molecule: ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent. There may be more than one.
NaOH
NO2
CH4
What is
ionic; polar covalent
polar covalent
nonpolar covalent?
Think about an aldose you've seen in class. Where would you find primary and secondary alcohol groups?
What is
Primary: last carbon
Secondary: on the chiral carbons?
In globular proteins, there is hydrophilic (polar) amino acids portion and a hydrophobic (nonpolar) amino acids portion. Which portion is the surface and which is the core?
What is hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic core?
Seth is given the following sequence:
dTACCTGGGAGCA and told to find the amino acid sequence. He determines that the sequence is Met (START) - Asp - Thr - Arg.
Is he correct? If not, what mutation has "occurred"?
What is no, because proline was changed to threonine?
What is a not silent mutation?
You woke up late, and you're rushing to get to class. Before you go, you grab a granola bar, which contains carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and eat it quickly. Where does digestion for each biomolecule begin (before, in, or after the stomach, and location)?
What is
carbohydrate: mouth + small intestine, fat: small intestine, and proteins: stomach?
How many milliequivalents (mEq) are present in 80 grams of calcium? (MW = 40 grams).
Bonus: How many valence electrons are in calcium (Ca)?
What is 4000 mEq?
Bonus: What is 2?
Oh no! I am really craving an L-ketopentose, but all I have is the D-ketopentose. If I want the same sugar, but in L-form, should I make the enantiomer, diastereomer, or epimer? Which side will my last chiral carbon OH be?
What is the enantiomer and on the left?
Clara is experiencing hair loss and nausea. After some tests, her doctor determines that she is deficient in lysine. To fix this, the doctor prescribes protein-rich foods (beef, chicken, pork). However, Clara is a vegetarian. Are plant-based recommendations necessary or will resting her body help her system replenish lysine? Why?
Bonus: What type of protein is beef (complete or incomplete)?
What is plant-based recommendations because lysine is an essential amino acid that the body cannot produce?
Bonus: What is complete?
What are two reasons why silent mutations are possible?
What is an amino acid can have multiple codons and similar properties of the side chains?
Recall the bicarbonate system.
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) <--> H2CO3 + H2O <--> HCO3- + H3O+
You have a patient that displays symptoms of alcohol intoxication and has a high blood alcohol level. However, she denies that she has consumed alcohol. Stool cultures show brewer's yeast in her small intestine, which release CO2 and ethanol via fermentation.
How is physiological pH impacted? Why?
Which way will equilibrium shift as a result to maintain physiological pH?
Which acid-base condition is she in?
How will the lungs and kidneys respond?
Which metabolic pathway(s) is/are impacted? How? Why?
What is
Lowers pH due to excess CO2
Shift to the left
Metabolic acidosis
Increased breathing; excrete H+
Glycolysis increases rate (need ATP for energy and have no excess) -> control point
Glycogenolysis increased to produced more glucose?