Forces at Play
This type of intermolecular force is found in all molecules, but it is the weakest.
London dispersion forces
This phrase describes why salt dissolves in water but not in oil.
"Like dissolves like"
What term describes the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time?
Reaction rate
What is the name of the constant (K) that expresses the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium?
Equilibrium constant
What is the term for the state of a system when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate?
Equilibrium
What is the property that allows insects to walk on water due to cohesive forces.
Surface tension
Adding what type of solute to a solvent will lower its freezing point and raise its boiling point?
Non-volatile solute
What factor that speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process?
A catalyst
When this value is much greater than 1, the reaction strongly favors products at equilibrium.
K (equilibrium constant)
What type of intermolecular force that holds DNA strands together in a double helix?
Hydrogen bonding
Among water (H₂O), methane (CH₄), and ammonia (NH₃), which one has the highest boiling point due to strong hydrogen bonding?
Water (H₂O)
Which law describes how the vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent?
Raoult’s Law
If doubling the concentration of a reactant doubles the reaction rate, the reaction is what order with respect to that reactant?
First order
Which principle explains why increasing temperature in an exothermic reaction shifts equilibrium toward reactants?
Le Châtelier’s Principle
What equation relates Gibbs free energy (ΔG) to the equilibrium constant (K) and temperature?
ΔG = -RT ln(K)
This type of solid, which includes diamond and quartz, has covalently bonded atoms in a continuous network.
Covalent network solid
The relationship between pressure and gas solubility in a liquid is described by what law?
Henry’s Law
A reaction with what order has a constant half-life, regardless of initial concentration?
First-order reaction
Write the mathematical relationship between Kp (gas-phase equilibrium constant) and Kc (concentration-based equilibrium constant).
Kp = Kc(RT)(Δn)
What process involves the movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration?
Osmosis
The name of the phase change where a solid transforms directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first.
Sublimation
What is the molality of a solution that contains 10.0 g of NaCl dissolved in 500.0 g of water?
0.342 m (mol/kg)
What equation, which includes activation energy (Ea), describes how temperature affects reaction rate?
Arrhenius equation
When Q (reaction quotient) is greater than K, the reaction shifts in which direction?
Toward the reactants (left)
What is the general form of the integrated rate law for a first-order reaction?
ln[A] = -kt + ln[A]₀