Ionization
Is it easier to remove the first proton during the 1st or 2nd ionization energy?
1st ionization energy
What is the oxidation number of Cl in HOCl?
+1
What is considered the universal solvent?
H2O
What is the difference between an acid and a base?
An acid can donate a proton, and a base can accept a proton.
What is the formula for calculating pH?
pH = -log[H3O^+]
Write the equation that represents the first and second ionization steps for carbonic acid (H2CO3) in water.
1st: H2CO3 + H2O >> H3O + HCO3^-
2nd: HCO3^- +H2O >> H3O^+ + CO3^2-
What are the oxidation numbers of O and H?
O: -2
H: +1
What is the reverse of log?
H3O = 10^-pH
Label the acid, base, conjugate acid (CA), and conjugate base (CB) in this equation: NH3 + H2O >> NH4 + OH^-
NH3: base
H2O: acid
NH4: CA
OH^-: CB
Determine the pH of a solution at 25 degrees Celsius in which the hydronium ion concentration is 3.5 x 10^-4 M.
pH = 3.46 M
Write the equation that represents the first and second ionization steps for oxalic acid (H2C2O4) in water.
1st: H2C2O4 + H2O >> H3O + HC2O4^-
2nd: HC2O4^- +H2O >> H3O + C2O4^2-
Assign an oxidation number for the following compound:
ClO3^-
Cl=+5
What is the equation for percent ionization? And what does it stand for?
[H3O(eq)]/[HA (initial)] x 100
H3O concentration at equillibrium
over x 100
Starting concentration of the acid
List these acids in order of increasing acid strength based on their Ka values:
HOBr - Ka = 2.3 x 10^-9
CH3COOH - Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5
HCOOH - Ka = 1.8 x 10^-4
OH - Ka = 1.0 x 10^-10
HCOOH > CH3COOH > HOBr > OH
How do you determine the pOH?
You need to know both of these things:
-log[OH^-]
pH + pOH = 14.00
Write the ionization reaction for ammonia (NH3) in water.
NH3 + H2O >> OH^- + NH4^+
What is the oxidation number of sulfur in H2SO4?
+6
What is hybridization?
"the process of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new type of hybrisdised orbitals"
What factors determine acid strength?
HINT: There are four.
1.) The effect of polarity
2.) X-H bond strength
3.) The effect of substituents
4.) The stability of the conjugate base
Determine the hydronium ion concentration in a solution at 25 degrees Celsius in which pH is 11.95.
1.12 x 10^-12
Write the equation that represents the first and second ionization steps for selenous acid (H2SeO3) in water.
1st: H2SeO3 + H2O >> H3O + HSeO3^-
2nd: HSeO3 +H2O >> H3O + SeO3^2-
What is the oxidation number for BrO4^-?
7
What is the percent ionization of a solution of .10 M of acetic acid that produces 1.3 x 10^-3 M of H at equilibrium?
1.3%
Find the conjugate acid/base for the following:
CH3COOH -> _________ (Conjugate base)
CH3COO
Determine the pOH of a solution at 25 degrees Celsius that is 2.1 x 10^-2 M in Ba(OH)2.
1.38