Chapter 20
what is the structure that DNA molecules wrap themselves around to create a nucleosome?
a histone protein
What is the main energy source for the brain?
Glucose
If 1 glucose enters glycolysis, how many cycles of the citric acid cycle will be completed?
2 cycles
DAILY DOUBLE!
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is the tRNA anticodon for Tryptophan?
ACC
What is a mutagen?
A compound or agent that generated mutations in nucleic acids and DNA
DAILY DOUBLE!
What 2 macromolecules can be utilized in gluconeogenesis?proteins (amino acids) and fats (glycerol)
What functional group is found in Coenzyme-A as a high energy bond?
thioester bond (C-S)
How many protons are allowed through with each pump of ATP synthase
2 protons (H+)
Define fermentation
DAILY DOUBLE!
Where in the cell does transcription occur? Where in the cell does translation occur?
transcription in nucleus, translation in cytoplasm
glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme that works in glycogenolysis, describe how insulin and glucagon affect this process
insulin inhibits the enzyme use, glucagon stimulates the use
In the citric acid cycle, we often see CO2 being developed, along with NAD+ turning into NADH in the same reaction. What 2 reactions types are occurring here?
decarboxylation and oxidation (Steps 3,4 and making acetyl CoA from pyruvate)
How is the NADH formed from the citric acid cycle utilized differently than NADH formed in glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces cytoplasmic NADH, which equals roughly 2 ATP, whereas NADH generated in the mitochondria through citric acid cycle creates 3 ATP
DAILY DOUBLE!
What are the 3 types of mutations possible?
point mutation, deletion mutation, insertion mutation
Provide the antisense strand for this sequence:
5' AGATTCGAT 3'
3' TCTAAGCTA 5'
glycogen synthase is utilized in glycogenesis, describe how insulin and glucagon affect this enzyme
insulin stimulates this, glucagon inhibits this
DAILY DOUBLE!
Thinking about feedback inhibition, what will occur to the citric acid cycle if there is a high supply of ATP? Explain why
If there is a high supply of ATP, the citric acid cycle will stop because there is no need to increase supply with low demand
What is the function of Complex I in oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH donates electrons, making it into NAD+, sending 2 H+ into the intermembrane space
Yes, both of these membrane/bilayer types contain phospholipids and cholesterol
During DNA replication, the DNA strands appear to be supercoiling at the replication fork, and there seems to be RNA primers still present in the lagging strand. Based on this, what 2 enzymes are not functioning properly?
topoisomerase and DNA polymerase I
In what step(s) of glycolysis is energy used? In what step(s) of glycolysis is energy created?
energy used: steps 1 and 3
energy created: steps 6 and 9
By the end of the citric acid cycle, how many FADH2 and NADH are made?
4 NADH, 1 FADH2
What is the function of Complex II in oxidative phosphorylation?
FADH2 donates electrons, creating FAD+, pumping 2 H+ into the intermembrane space
In Oxidative Phosphorylation, how many protons does NADH pump, and how much ATP does this create? How many protons does FADH2 pump, and how much ATP does this create?
NADH- 6 protons, makes 3 ATP
FADH2- 4 protons, makes 2 ATP