Thermodynamics
This type of thermodynamic system can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings.
What is a closed system?
Albert Einstein's famous equation, E=mc^2 , describes the relationship between energy, mass, and this constant.
What is the speed of light?
Often called the "powerhouse of the cell," this organelle generates most of the cell's supply of ATP.
What is the mitochondrion?
This property of a fluid measures its resistance to flow
What is viscosity?
This common piece of laboratory glassware is a flat-bottomed cylinder used for holding and mixing liquids.
What is a beaker?
This four-stroke cycle is a theoretical ideal for most spark-ignition internal combustion engines.
What is the Otto cycle?
This principle explains why a ship made of steel can float: the buoyant force on it is equal to the weight of the water it displaces.
What is Archimedes' Principle?
For his experiments with pea plants, this Augustinian friar is known as the "Father of Genetics."
Who is Gregor Mendel?
This principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.
What is Bernoulli's principle?
This piece of lab equipment spins liquid samples at high speed to separate substances of different densities.
What is a centrifuge?
This thermodynamic potential is beneficial for calculating the work done in an open system at a constant temperature and pressure.
What is Gibbs Free Energy (G)?
This fundamental equation of quantum mechanics describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time, analogous to Newton's second law in classical mechanics.
What is the Schrödinger equation?
This is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
What is transcription?
The curveball in baseball or a slice in golf can be explained by this effect, which describes the force on a spinning object in a fluid.
What is the Magnus effect?
This common flowmeter consists of a tapered vertical tube containing a float; the height to which the float rises directly indicates the fluid's flow rate.
What is a rotameter?
This thermodynamic relation, derived from the Maxwell relations, describes the change in temperature of a real gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve while kept insulated.
What is the Joule-Thomson effect?
This law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its thermodynamic temperature
What is the Stefan-Boltzmann Law?
These are families of proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) enzymes.
What are cyclins?
For flow over a heated surface, this dimensionless number represents the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer and is essential for calculating heat transfer coefficients.
What is the Nusselt number (Nu)?
This analytical instrument measures the heat flow associated with thermal transitions in a material as a function of temperature, such as melting or glass transitions.
What is a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)?
This theorem in statistical mechanics relates the average kinetic energy of a system of particles in thermal equilibrium to its absolute temperature, stating that each degree of freedom contributes 1/2 kT to the total energy.
What is the Equipartition Theorem?
This fundamental principle of quantum mechanics states that no two identical fermions, such as electrons, can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously within a quantum system.
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
Distinct from necrosis, which is traumatic cell death from injury, this is the highly regulated and orderly process of "programmed cell death" essential for development and preventing cancer.
What is apoptosis?
These partial differential equations are the cornerstone of fluid dynamics, describing the motion of viscous fluid substances based on the conservation of momentum.
What are the Navier-Stokes equations?
This type of industrial pump uses the centrifugal force of a rotating impeller to move fluids, but it is unique because its impeller is driven by magnetic coupling rather than a direct mechanical shaft, preventing leaks.
What is a mag-drive (magnetic drive) pump?