chem bonding
You are given two covalent bonds: co bond (Carbon-Oxygen) and a bond (Carbon-Hydrogen).
Electronegativity for $\text{C}$ is 2.5
Electronegativity for $\text{H}$ is 2.1
Electronegativity for $\text{O}$ is 3.5
An orbital diagram for a neutral Carbon (C) atom shows the $1s$ and $2s$ subshells correctly filled. However, in the $2p$ subshell (which has three equal-energy orbitals), the first orbital contains two electrons (one up spin, one down spin), and the remaining two $2p$ orbitals are empty. Which fundamental rule of electron filling has been violated?
This rule, also known as the rule of maximum multiplicity, states that electrons must fill degenerate (equal-energy) orbitals singly with parallel spins before any orbital is double-occupied.
A neutral atom's Bohr diagram shows three electron shells. The first shell has 2 electrons, the second has 8 electrons, and the third has 1 electron. Which element does this Bohr diagram represent?
The total number of electrons is $2+8+1=11$, and in a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the atomic number, which corresponds to Sodium.
When examining a tectonic map key, you see a line with small triangles (teeth) along one side. What type of plate boundary does this symbol specifically represent?
In standard map keys, the 'teeth' or triangles indicate the direction of the subducting plate at a convergent boundary.
During a laboratory experiment, a student mixes two chemicals and notices that the beaker becomes very cold to the touch. What type of reaction is occurring, and what is happening to the energy?
An endothermic reaction pulls heat into the system, which causes the temperature of the immediate environment (the beaker and your hand) to drop.
A molecule is composed of one phosphorus atom ($\text{P}$) and three chlorine atoms ($\text{Cl}$), following the formula $\text{PCl}_3$. Given that phosphorus has 5 valence electrons and chlorine has 7 valence electrons, calculate the total number of lone pairs (non-bonding electron pairs) present in the stable Lewis structure of $\text{PCl}_3$
A) 7
B) 9
C) 10
D) 13
Which of the following represents the correct full ground-state electron configuration for a neutral Calcium (Ca) atom (Z=20)?
This is the correct configuration for Calcium, which has 20 electrons, correctly filling the $4s$ subshell before any $3d$ electrons are added.
In a correct Bohr model diagram for a neutral Neon ($\text{Ne}$) atom ($Z=10$), how many electrons are located in the outermost (valence) shell?
Neon has 10 electrons total, with 2 filling the first shell and the remaining 8 electrons filling the second (valence) shell.
According to your map key, which of the following is a real-world example of a transform boundary?
the San Andreas Fault is the most famous example of a transform boundary where two plates slide past each other horizontally.
Using the Metric Staircase method, convert 0.075 kilometers (km) into centimeters (cm). How many steps do you move and in which direction
Using the Metric Staircase method, convert 0.075 kilometers (km) into centimeters (cm). How many steps do you move and in which direction
The ionic compound Iron(III) Oxide is an essential component of rust.Given that the oxide ion ($\text{O}$) always has a charge of $2-$, what is the total positive charge compound, and what is the charge of a single iron ion?
A) Total positive charge is $+3$; single iron ion charge is $\text{Fe}^{3+}$.
B) Total positive charge is $+6$; single iron ion charge is $\text{Fe}^{3+}$.
C) Total positive charge is $+6$; single iron ion charge is $\text{Fe}^{2+}$.
D) Total positive charge is $+4$; single iron ion charge is $\text{Fe}^{2+}$.
Which of the following is the correct full ground-state electron configuration for a neutral Sulfur ($\text{S}$) atom ($Z=16$)?
B.
1s22s22p63s23p4
The isotope Chlorine-37 can be represented as ${}^{37}_{17}\text{Cl}$. How many neutrons are found in an atom of this isotope?
The number of neutrons is found by subtracting the atomic number (17) from the mass number (37).
In the Oreo Cookie Tectonics Lab, you moved the top cookie sideways past the bottom cookie without breaking them. What specific tectonic 'event' does this motion represent?
The sliding motion at transform boundaries builds up friction that is eventually released as seismic energy.
A sample of an unknown metal has a mass of 54 grams and a volume of 20 cm3. What is the density of the metal
Density is calculated by dividing the mass ($54$ g) by the volume ($20$ $cm^3$).
A chemist is combining the following two ions to create a new ionic compound
Mg3N2
What is the correct noble gas (shorthand) electron configuration for a neutral Bromine ($\text{Br}$) atom ($Z=35$)?
C.
[Ar]4s23d104p5
A balloon contains $2.0 \text{ L}$ of air at a temperature of $20.0^\circ \text{C}$. If the pressure remains constant, what will be the new volume of the balloon if the temperature is increased to $100.0^\circ \text{C}$?
Applying Charles's Law ($V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2$) requires converting both temperatures to Kelvin: $20.0^\circ \text{C} = 293.15 \text{ K}$ and $100.0^\circ \text{C} = 373.15 \text{ K}$.
Based on your Plate Tectonics Foldable, which subtype of convergent boundary is responsible for creating the massive uplift of the Himalayas?
Because both plates have similar low densities, neither subducts; instead, they 'crumple' upward to form high mountains.
In the context of wildfire behavior, how does the 'Energy Release Component' (ERC) relate to fuel moisture?
Dry fuel burns more efficiently and completely, allowing more stored chemical energy to be released as heat.
You are given the chemical name of an unknown fertilizer component: Manganese(IV) Sulfate.
A) Mn (SO4)2
What is the correct noble gas (shorthand) electron configuration for the Zinc ion (Zn2+) (Z=30)?
The two electrons lost to form the $2+$ ion are the two $4s$ electrons (the highest principal quantum number), leaving the filled $3d$ subshell.
A container holds 5.0 L of gas at a pressure of 1.5 atm. If the volume of the gas is decreased to 1.0 L while the temperature is held constant, what is the new pressure?
Using Boyle's Law, $P_2 = P_1V_1 / V_2 = (1.5 \text{ atm} \times 5.0 \text{ L}) / 1.0 \text{ L}$, which gives a resulting pressure of $7.5 \text{ atm}$.
According to your Properties of Matter Cornell Notes, why does an oceanic plate always subduct beneath a continental plate?
Density determines buoyancy; the basaltic oceanic crust is heavier for its size and sinks below the lighter granitic continental crust.
When water boils on a stove, energy is transferred from the burner to the water. What type of energy change is the water undergoing
The water absorbs heat (thermal energy), which increases the kinetic energy of the molecules until they transition from liquid to gas.