Metallic Bonding
What is a characteristic of metallic bonding?
Electrons are delocalized and can move freely.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
What is formed when sodium and chlorine react?
Sodium ions (Na⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻) form sodium chloride (NaCl).
What is the shape of a molecule with four bonding pairs and no lone pairs?
Tetrahedral (109.5° bond angle).
What are the weakest intermolecular forces?
Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary dipoles.
How do metals conduct electricity?
Metals have free-moving electrons that allow for conductivity.
Name one molecule that exhibits double bonding.
An example is carbon dioxide (CO₂) or ethylene (C₂H₄).
What is the charge of a sodium ion?
The charge of a sodium ion is +1.
What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral structure?
The bond angle is 109.5 degrees.
What is the primary cause of London dispersion forces?
Larger molecules have larger electron clouds, leading to stronger temporary dipoles.
Describe the electron sea model.
The electron sea model describes electrons moving freely around positively charged metal ions.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A polar covalent bond is a bond where electrons are shared unequally, creating a dipole.
What type of lattice structure do ionic compounds form?
ionic compounds form a crystalline lattice structure, maximizing attractions between oppositely charged ions.
What geometry do molecules with two bonding pairs and two lone pairs have?
Bent or angular geometry (approximately 104.5°).
How do dipole-dipole interactions occur?
Dipole-dipole interactions occur between polar molecules due to the attraction of partial positive and negative charges.
What occurs to the metal atoms in a metallic bond during distortion?
Metallic bonding allows for distortion without breaking, maintaining structural integrity.
What is the difference between a single bond and a double bond?
A single bond involves one pair of shared electrons, while a double bond involves two pairs.
What is the result of the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
Lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form a solid ionic compound; it indicates the stability of the ionic compound
What is VSEPR theory used for?
VSEPR theory is used to predict molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion.
How does molecular size affect Van der Waals forces?
Van der Waals forces are significantly weaker than covalent bonds, which involve shared electron pairs.
Explain why metals are malleable and ductile.
Metals can be shaped without breaking because the layers of atoms can slide over each other.
Describe the difference between a sigma and a pi bond
A sigma bond is formed by head-on overlapping of orbitals, while a pi bond is formed by side-to-side overlapping.
What is lattice energy and why is it important?
Lattice energy is important because it determines the strength and stability of an ionic compound.
How can you determine the molecular geometry of a compound?
You can determine molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, which considers the repulsion between electron pairs.
How do Van der Waals forces compare to covalent bonds in strength?
Van der Waals forces are much weaker than covalent bonds, which provide strong attractions due to shared electrons.