Neutralizers & Bonds
What bonds are reformed by the neutralizer?
Disulfide bonds
What chemical rearranges straight hair into curls?
Permanent waving lotion
What is the main ingredient in alkaline waves?
Thioglycolic acid
What determines the size of the curl or wave?
Diameter of the perm rod
What is the base area?
Hair attached to the scalp
What is another name for a neutralizer?
Stabilizer, fixative, or normalizer
What percentage of disulfide bonds are broken during a perm?
About 50%
What type of hair works best with acid waves?
Porous, fragile, color-treated hair
Which rod creates uniform curls from scalp to ends?
Straight rod
What type of placement creates maximum volume?
On-base
What is the typical pH range for neutralizers?
3–7
What is the process of rebuilding broken bonds called?
Thio neutralization
What ingredient replaces ammonia in ammonia-free waves?
An alternative reducing ingredient
Which rod type is flexible and foam-covered?
Bender rod
Which base placement creates moderate volume?
Half-off base
What is the chemical term for the breaking of disulfide bonds?
Reduction
What determines the processing time for a perm?
Preliminary test curl
What does “exothermic” mean in perm processing?
Self-heating chemical reaction
what rod creates spiral curls?
Loop rod (circular rod)
What is used to protect the hair ends during wrapping?
End papers (end wraps)
What ingredient in neutralizers acts as an oxidizing agent?
Hydrogen peroxide or sodium bromate
What happens when perm lotion stays on too long?
Over-processing
What ingredient makes true acid waves odorless and colorless?
Glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG)
How many times should hair be wrapped around the rod for a complete curl?
2 ½ times
What type of wrap uses two end papers for long hair?
Double flat wrap