Atoms
____ is the smallest functional unit of matter
______ is a substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical means
Atom
Element
What are the types of chemical bonds, in order of strongest to weakest?
Covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
What is the pH scale?
The measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
What is an organic molecule?
Carbon-containing molecules which exist in all living organisms, with the exclusion of the molecule CO2
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a macromolecule composed of smaller components known as monomers
What are the three subatomic particles, their charges, and their location?
Proton - positive and in the nucleus
Neutron - neutral and in the nucleus
Electron - negative and surrounding the nucleus
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak interaction between two polar molecules because of their opposite partial charges.
What is an aqueous solution?
A water solution
What are the four main macromolecules?
Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
How are polymers made and broken down? Describe these processes.
Hydrolysis - requires water to break down polymers into smaller components
Dehydration - releases water to link monomers together
What are ions?
Ions are elements which have a variation in the number of valence electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond that shares at least one pair of electrons between two atoms
What does acid release when in an aqueous solution?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
What are the monomers of the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates - monosaccharides/simple sugars
Nucleic acids - nucleotides
Proteins - amino acids
Lipids - fatty acids
Store and maintain genetic information
What is a cation and what is an anion?
Cation - an ion which resulted in the loss of an electron, making it more positive
Anion - an ion which resulted in the gain of an electron, making it more negative
What is an ionic bond?
A bond of donating and accepting at least one electron to make a neutral molecule which is energetically favorable.
Occurs between a cation and an anion
What does a base release when in an aqueous solution?
Hydroxide ions (OH-)
What are the main functions of lipids?
Biological membranes
Hormones in animals
Energy storage
What are the main functions of proteins?
Cell structure
Movement/transportation
Cell-to-cell communication (receptors)
Cell membrane
Enzymes/catalysts
What is atomic number and atomic mass? Which can very and what would be the consequence of variation?
Atomic number - number of protons
Atomic mass - number of protons and neutrons which can very, this results in isotopes
Why do bonds occur?
Interactions of electrons occur to make stable molecules which are energetically favorable.
What is the concentration of hydrogen ions when a solution has a pH of 7?
It means that H+ = OH-
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Source of ATP
Energy storage
Cell identity
What are the elemental components of each macromolecule?
Carbohydrates - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Proteins - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Lipids - mainly carbon and hydrogen, some oxygen
Nucleic acids - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate