Unit 1
What are the three states of matter? Provide an example
Solid (Iron), Liquid (Water), Gas (Helium)
What is the relationship between pressure and volume?
An inverted relationship
Who was Democritus
Democritus was a Greek philosopher who had came up with the idea that there is nothing more simplified than an Atom. He believed an atom could not be split, or cut in half.
What is density influenced by?
Density is influenced by mass and volume
Define Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom’s electron energy shell.
When does temperature have a direct relationship with volume? Why?
When pressure is held constant, this is because of Charle´s Law
What is electronegativity?
Electronegativity is the ability for an atom more strongly attract valence electrons of another atom closer to itself.
Explain Dalton´s Atomic Model
In Dalton´s model he shows us that matter is made of small, indivisible particles which joined together to create different things by forming in different combinations
Name the 6 Phase Changes
Freezing, melting, deposition, sublimation, evaporation, and condensation
Describe Ionization Energy on the Periodic Table
It increases going across a period, and decreases going down a group
Intensive properties are properties that do not depend on the amount of matter, while Extensive properties do.
Ex- Intensive property: melting point, density; Extensive Property: volume, mass
What happens when the temperature increases?
As temperature increases, the gas molecules start to collide at a faster rate
Describe what a partial pressure graident is
Partial pressure graident is when Gas particles that have a partial pressure will diffuse from high to low partial pressures. This is how oxygen and carbon dioxide is able to diffuse in and out of our bodies.
Describe what is partial pressure
Partial pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a certain gas within a mixture. Partial pressure can reflect on how well oxygen is able to move from the lungs to the blood.
When Ionization is low, what happens to the atomic radius?
The atomic radius becomes larger and the attraction force between negatively charged valence electrons and the atoms positively charged nucleus is weaker
Describe the particle motion when a solid is changing into a gas
The solid slowly changes into a liquid when more heat (energy) is added. In this stage, the particle motion increases slowly at a faster rate. When it changes from a liquid to a gas, the particle motion is rapidly faster so it can change into the gaseous state
The particles are very tight and compact; they are held together by strong forces
How can you find the amount of protons and neutrons in an atom?
To find the amount of protons and neutrons, you must subtract the atomic number from the mass number
When energy is added to a solid, what is the particle movement like?
The particle movement speeds up at a faster rate, and the particles start to move further apart. This causes the solid to turn into a gaseous state.
Why does the atomic radius increase as the atomic number increases down a group?
The atomic radius increases because atoms that have a greater number of electron energy shells will have electrons that are farther away from the atom’s nucleus.
Solve for the second Volume-
Temperature 1: 110°C
Volume 1: 355 mL
Pressure 1: 333 mmHg
Temperature 2: 10°C
Volume 2: ?
Pressure 2: 113 mmHg
333 x 355/100 = 113v/10
1182150 = 12430V
Volume 2: 95.1 mL
Which properties of elements occur in a periodic pattern? Which properties are not?
Electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, ionic radius, metallic character, and chemical reactivity occur in a periodic trend. Mass number is not included in this because it is not a periodic property
Describe Ernest Rutherford´s Gold Foil Experiment
A beam was targeted towards a gold foil which caused some to go through and or reflect off of it. This allowed us to be able to discover that most of an atom´s surrounding is just empty space. He also discovered that an atom contains a positively charged nucleus with negatively charged electrons
Why does Chlorine have a higher ionization energy than Magnesium?
Chlorine contains more valence electrons giving it a higher ionization energy and a lower atomic radius, causing Magnesium to have a lower ionization energy compared to Chlorine.
Why do atomic numbers 10 and 18 have no data point when put into a graph?
Both atomic numbers are placed in group 8 and have no reactions. This is because it is harder to bring a valence electron to the nucleus when there is more energy shells