Vocabulary
This refers to a single-unit substance that is the smallest form of a biomolecule
What is a monomer?
This term refers to any molecule that carries an overall electrical charge
What is an ion?
These ions are sometimes just referred to as 'protons'
What are hydrogen ions?
These biomolecules always have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
What are carbohydrates?
This is why researchers need to understand the pH and the role of water in every substance that is made for human consumption
What is 'because anything we ingest or put on our bodies must be buffered and have an appropriate pH to that it is safe to consume and will not do cellular damage?'
This term refers to molecules that carry a negative electrical charge
What are anions?
These biomolecules are not water soluble
What are lipids?
All free hydrogens are considered this type of ion
What are cations?
List the major job of nucleic acids
What is 'to store and pass on genetic information?'
Give two examples of nucleic acids
What are DNA and RNA?
List and define the two major parts of a solution
What are 1) solute - the substance that is broken down/dissolved into the solution; 2) solvent - the substance that breaks down/dissolves other materials in solution?'
Every protein always has these two chemical groups
What is 1) an amino group and 2) a carboxyl group?
On the board, one person write down the equation for the natural breakdown of water in solution
What is 'H2O --> H+ and OH-'
This biomolecule can be used as a base material to build proteins and lipids
What are carbohydrates?
This is the monomer form of a carbohydrate
List three major jobs of proteins
What is 1) slowest burning source of energy, 2) building structural components of living organisms, 3) transporting substances, and 4) speeding up chemical reactions?
The protein polymer consists of a simple chain of amino acids
List two acidic, two neutral, and two basic solutions
What are 1) gastric acid, lemon juice, apple juice, battery acid, 2) pure water and blood, 3) bleach, handsoap, baking soda?
Define a base using 1) the verbal description and 2) the range of pH values
What is 'any solution that gives off more OH- ions than H+ ions; pH of 8.00 to 14?'
In your own words, explain what it means for pH to be measured on a logarithmic scale
What is 'a one-unit change in the pH value of a substance represents a ten-fold change in the acidity of that substance?'
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
What is 'saturated fats contain all single bonds between carbon atoms, are linear in shape, and solid at room temp; unsaturated fats contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms, are crooked, and are liquid at room temperature?'
List the two major jobs of lipids and list one example of a lipid polymer
What is 1) insulation, 2) second-fastest source of energy; lipid polymers are fats, oils, waxes, hormones, and steroids?
Define an acid using the 1) verbal description and 2) the range of pH values
What is 'an acid is any solution that gives off more H+ ions than OH- ions; pH of 0 to 6.99'?
This is why we think nucleic acids are a strongest/most durable of all the biomolecules
What is 'because the job of nucleic acids is critical to ensuring that life can continue; we want the molecule that keeps our 'instructions for life' to be strong and not break down over time?'
List the three biological processes that are first affected by changes in pH
What are 1) enzyme activity, 2) chemical properties or organs/tissues, and 3) functioning of biomolecules?