Elements
Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons
What is an isotope?
Substances that can donate protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water, increasing the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+)
What is an acid?
The medium in which the solute is dissolved to create a homogeneous mixture
What is a solvent?
A compound that contains carbon
What is an organic compound?
The time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay
What is a half-life?
A relative mass unit of an isotope of an element based on the standard for carbon-12 isotope
What is the atomic mass unit (amu)?
Substances that can accept protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water, increasing the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-)
What is a base?
Water containing calcium or magnesium ions, making it less effective at lathering with soap
What is hard water?
Organic compounds consisting of only hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) atoms
What are hydrocarbons?
A high-energy electron or positron emitted during decay
What is a beta particle?
A planetary (shell) model describing how electrons revolve around a positively charged nucleus in well-defined circular orbits
What is the Bohr Model?
A scale used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most alkaline), with 7 being neutral
What is the pH scale?
Substances that, when dissolved in water, produce ions and can conduct electricity
What are electrolytes?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound
What is a functional group?
High-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from an excited nucleus
What is a gamma ray?
Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of electrons?
What are ions?
A water molecule with an attached hydrogen ion, often associated with the acidity of a solution
What is a hydronium ion?
The maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given solvent at a particular temperature
What is solubility?
A series of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds
What is an alkane?
The process of splitting a massive nucleus into multiple, more stable nuclei
What is fission?
Organized array of all the chemical elements in order of increasing atomic number
What is the periodic table of elements?
A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form water and a salt, effectively neutralizing the acidic or basic properties of the reactants
What is neutralization?
A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature and pressure
What is a saturated solution?
A figure indicating the antiknock properties of a fuel, based on a comparison with a mixture of isooctane and heptane.
What is an octane number/rating?
The radiation present in the environment from natural sources
What is background radiation?