(1) Measurement and Precision
The decimal measuring system used to measure length, capacity, and weight or mass, applied in scientific settings.
What is the metric system?
The number of protons in an atom.
What is atomic number>
A particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu.
What is a neutron?
The attractions felt between molecules.
What are intermolecular forces (IMFs)?
A phase of matter where the matter has no set shape but has a set volume.
What is the liquid phase?
Force exerted on a surface.
What is pressure?
The greek suffix for 1,000 units.
What is the prefix kilo?
Elements that have both metallic and nonmetallic properties.
What are metalloids?
The sum of an atom's protons and neutrons.
What is atomic mass?
A subdivision within an electron shell that groups electrons with similar energies and shapes.
What are subshells?
The kind of energy that temperature is a measurement of.
What is kinetic energy?
A unit used for measuring the number of atoms in samples of gas, equal to 6.022 x 10²³ atoms.
The standard metric unit of volume.
What is a liter (L)?
Columns of elements, organized by number of valence electrons.
What are groups?
A series of experiments conducted in 1909, positively charged alpha particles were shot at a thin piece of gold foil. About 1 in every 8000 particles bounced back, revealing that atoms are mostly empty space with a condensed nucleus.
What are Ernest Rutherford's scattering/gold foil experiments?
A bond between 2 nonmetals, where electrons are shared.
What is a covalent bond?
Stored energy an object has due to its position, shape, or configuration, ready to be converted into motion kinetic energy.
What is potential energy?
(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂
What is the combined gas law?
A rough calculation of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something.
What is estimation?
Group 1 elements, known for being incredibly reactive.
What are alkali metals
Atoms of the same element with a different atomic mass.
What are isotopes?
A strong IMF between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (covalently bonded to N, O, or F) and a slightly negative lone pair of electrons on a nearby N, O, or F atom in another molecule.
What is hydrogen bonding?
During this process, matter will be two phases at once.
What is a phase change?
Wide spaces between particles allow gasses to be easily compressed, which is the main reason a gas's volume is so variable.
What property allows gases to be easily compressed?
The digits of a number that are used to express it to the required degree of accuracy, starting from the first nonzero digit.
What are significant figures?
The only noble gas without 8 valence electrons.
What is helium?
A chemical principle stating that atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve a stable configuration with eight electrons in their valence shell.
What is the octet rule?
A bond between a metal and nonmetal, where electrons are transferred from one atom to the other.
What is an ionic bond?
-273.15 degrees Celsius or 0 Kelvin, the temperature at which particle motion stops completely.
What is absolute 0?
A theoretical gas whose particles have no volume and no intermolecular forces, moving randomly with perfectly elastic collisions
What is an ideal gas?
A unit of solid volume, where the number of these units is always equal to the number of mL an object takes up.
What is cm3?
Rows of elements on the periodic table, organized by number of electron shells in each atom.
What are periods?
A diagram with a cross drawn over an element's abbreviation and dots drawn around it, representing the number of valence electrons in the atom.
What are Lewis Dot Diagrams?
A massive molecule made by the same repeating subunits being strung together.
What is a polymer?
A unit of heat, typically represented by q.
What are joules?
A scientific reference point for gases, typically defined as 273.15 degrees kelvin (0 Celsius) and 1 atm (101.325 kPa) of pressure.
What is standard temperature and pressure (STP)?
The curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube, especially in a graduated cylinder.
What is a meniscus?
Elements 57-71 and 89-103, separated from the rest of the elements underneath the periodic table.
What are lanthanides and actinides?
An atom with a differing amount of protons and electrons, giving it a non-zero net charge.
What is an ion?
The innermost electron shell, and the shell groups 1 and 2 occupy.
What is the s-shell?
The phase change that takes place when a gas turns directly into a solid.
What is desposition?
If there is gas in a container, and temperature stays constant, decreasing volume will _______
Increase pressure
The degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification conforms to the correct value or a standard.
What is accuracy?
An early attempt to sort the elements, by grouping elements with similar properties into groups of 3, where the middle element's mass is close to the average of the other 2.
What are Döbereiner's Triads/Elemental Triads?
A shorthand way to represent an atom, with its abbreviation in the center, mass in the top left, atomic number in the bottom left, and net charge in the top right.
What is nuclide notation?
A type of covalent bond where atoms are bonded together in giant webs, and electrons roam free between nuclei.
What is a network bond?
𝑞=𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇
What is the specific heat equation?
If you do this, the pressure in the tire will build up, causing it to pop.
What is the result of leaving tires out on a hot day/ increasing tire temperature?
The Greek prefix for 1 trillionth of a unit, usually used for measuring atoms in meters.
What is the prefix pico?
The Russian chemist known for formulating the periodic law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements.
Who was Dmitri Mendeleev?
The modern, most accurate description of the atom, viewing electrons not as particles in fixed orbits, but as waves existing in regions of high probability called orbitals.
What is the quantum mechanical model?
The outermost electron shell, in which only the lanthanides and actinides occupy.
What is the f-shell?
During a phase change, when potential energy increases, kinetic energy _______
Stays the same
The gas law stating that at constant pressure and temperature, the frequency of particle and container wall collisions is constant. In these conditions, increasing the number of molecules will increase the volume in the container.
What is Avogadro's law?
Refinement in a measurement, calculation, or specification, especially as represented by the number of digits given.
What is precision?
The most debated element in terms of where it should be placed on the periodic table, due to its unique properties and electron number.
What is hydrogen?
A model of the atom proposed in 1904, describing atoms as negatively charged particles "swimming" in a positively charged sea.
What was J.J. Thompson's plum pudding model?
Non-crystalline solids with disordered atomic structures, lacking the long-range, ordered patterns of crystals.
What are amorphus solids?
A phase of matter that occurs when superheated gas is stripped of its electrons, floating around in the sea nuclei.
What is plasma?
Under these conditions, real gasses behave most like ideal gasses.
What happens when gasses are put under low pressure and high temperature?