Basic Chemistry
Properties of water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins/Nucleic Acids
100
Definition of an isotope
same atom with a different number of neutrons
100
what is the chemical formula for water
H20
100
The monomer for carbohydrates
what is a monosaccharide
100
What term describes why fats and oils separate from water?
hydrophobic or non-polar
100
What type of bonds are present in the secondary protein structures- alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets? This same bond is between nitrogenous bases in DNA.
hydrogen bonds
200
What are three different applications for isotopes?
1. carbon dating
2. killing unwanted cells (radiation in cancer or irradiation for food)
3. radioactive tracers
200
This atom is slightly negatively charged in the water molecule
oxygen
200
In humans, name two places that glycogen is stored
muscles and liver
200
Name an example of a steroid
Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortisone, Cholesterol, Vitamin D
200
Name the three parts of the nucleotide
1. phosphate
2. sugar
3. nitrogenous base
300
This is the strongest bond that we discussed
covalent bond
300
Draw NACl (salt) in water
300
Lactose is an example of what type of carbohydrate?
Disaccharide
300
Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats tend to be from animal sources, are solid at room temperature, and are hydrogenated.
Unsaturated fats are mostly from plants, liquid at room temperature (oils), and have a double bond, which creates a kink in the structure.
300
What are the monomers for Nucleic Acids and Proteins?
Proteins: amino acids
Nucleic Acids: nucleotides
400
Name and describe the three types of bonds we discussed in class.
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
400
Describe how the hydrogen bonds contribute to these four properties of water: capillary action, heat capacity, density of water/ice, and water solvency
capillary action: hydrogen bonding between water molecules (cohesion); hydrogen bonding between water and another polar molecule- glass or plant wall.
heat capacity: the hydrogen bonds between water hold a lot of heat or energy, and they can be released through thermoregulation (sweating) or evaporation.
density of water/ice: due to hydrogen bonding between positive and negative poles of the water molecule, when water freezes it forms in crystal shapes/structures that allow for more space or air, making it less dense than liquid water.
water solvency: the hydrogen bonding between polar charges and other polar substances makes water a good universal solvent.
400
Name three polysaccharides and their function
1. cellulose (plants)- structure
2. glycogen (animal cells)- energy
3. starch (plants)-energy storage
400
Describe the phospholipid bilayer and how its structure is important to its function
Hydrophilic phosphate head (water-loving) that organizes on the outside of the membrane with hydrophobic fatty acid tails that orient towards the inside, creating a buffer or layer. It is semi-permeable, so it only allows some things through the membrane.
400
What are the 6 functions of proteins?
1. Enzymes
2. Structure (hair, collagen)
3. Cell signaling (hormones- insulin and growth hormone)
4. Transportation (ex. hemoglobin)
5. channel membrane transport
6. Antibodies (defense/immune system)
500
Name all the parts of an atom, location, and the appropriate weight and charge.
neutron- 1 AMU, neutral charge (in nucleus)
proton- 1 AMU, positive charge (in nucleus0
electron- close to weightless, negative charge (surrounds nucleus or orbits around)
500
Draw three water molecules and identify the atoms and bonds.
500
3 functions for carbohydrates?
energy, structure, and cell recognition
500
What are 4 functions of lipids?
energy, insulation, cell signaling (hormones), and cell membranes
500
Three differences in RNA and DNA
1. RNA has a uracil nitrogenous base vs. thymine in DNA
2. Ribose sugar in DNA is "deoxyribose" without oxygen
3. RNA is single-stranded, and DNA is double-stranded