Basic Structures of Life
What is the name for a positively charged ion?
Cation.
Name the two components of a solution and what they do.
Solute and solvent. Solute is dissolved, solvent does the dissolving.
What is the monomer for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides.
What occurs during a chemical reaction?
Chemical bonds are broken and reformed.
Explain the difference between ionic and covalent bonding.
What is the difference between an acid and a base?
An acid release positive H+ ions when dissolved in water. A base releases negative OH- ions.
Because of the double carbon bonds in the fatty acid chains. This makes it so they cannot pack as closely together and results in them being liquid.
What is the name of the monosaccharide found in dairy products?
What is real world example of radiation?
Cancer treatments, medical imaging, carbon dating, nuclear power plants.
Name 2 differences between a solution and a suspension.
In a solution, the particles fully dissolve in the solvent and do not separate out. In a suspension, the particles are larger/do not fully dissolve and they will separate out over time.
Name the 3 groups in an amino acid.
Amino, Carboxyl, R Group.
Why is CO2 considered inorganic?
Because, while it contains carbon, there are no carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Explain the process of radioactive decay.
When an isotope is unstable, the nuclei will break down and release radioactive particles, leading to radioactivity.
How do we tell how strong an acid is? (Not just where it falls on the pH scale)
The amount of H+ ions released when dissolved in water.
Name an example of a protein and its function.
Hemoglobin - carries oxygen in the blood
Keratin - strengthens hair, skin, and nails
Collagen - structure to bone, skin, and teeth
Antibodies - defend against bacteria
Enzymes - act as catalysts in chemical reactions
Contractile Proteins - promote muscle contraction
Hormones - serve as chemical messengers
What two parts of amino acids come together to form peptide bonds?
Amino and Carboxyl Groups.
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Oxygen has a stronger electronegativity, which pulls the electrons further to its side. This makes the oxygen side of the molecule slightly negative while the hydrogen side is more positive. This leads to 2 different poles, which demonstrates polarity.
Why is it important that the pH level of human blood stays within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45?
Because even slight variations in acidity can seriously disrupt body functions, as the pH scale is on a 10 fold scale.
Explain the process of how ATP stores and releases energy to fuel cellular reactions.
ATP is made up of a 5-Carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and 3 phosphate groups. A chemical reaction will break one of the phosphate group bonds to release energy to be used for bodily functions. This turns ATP to ADP. Afterwards, the cell will use excess energy from breaking down nutrients to reattach the 3rd phosphate group, reforming ATP.
What is the difference between tertiary and quaternary protein structure?
Tertiary is when a secondary structure folds a second time, forming a 3D structure. Quaternary structure is when 2 or more tertiary structures come together to form a larger 3D structure.