Basic Chemistry
Properties of water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins/Nucleic Acids
100
Definition of an isotope
same atom with a different number of neutrons
100
What is the difference between solute and solvent?
A solvent is the substance that does the dissolving, while the solute is the substance that gets dissolved.
100
The monomer for carbohydrates
what is a monosaccharide
100
What term describes why fats and oils separate from water?
hydrophobic or non-polar
100
What are the monomers for Nucleic Acids and Proteins?
Proteins: amino acids
Nucleic Acids: nucleotides
200
What type of ion does an atom become when it loses an electron?
positive ion
200
This atom is slightly negatively charged in the water molecule
oxygen
200
Unlike simple carbs, these carbohydrates take longer to digest and are found in foods like whole grains and starches.
What are complex carbohydrates?
200
Why do athletes eat extra carbs before a game but still rely on fats during long activities?
Carbs give quick energy, but fats provide energy for longer periods once carbs run out.
ex) Avocados, Nuts and seeds, Nut butters, Olive oil, Fatty fish
200
Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are formed at which level of protein structure?
What is secondary structure?
300
Name all the parts of an atom, location, and the appropriate weight and charge.
neutron- 1 AMU, neutral charge (in nucleus)
proton- 1 AMU, positive charge (in nucleus0
electron- close to weightless, negative charge (surrounds nucleus or orbits around)
300
Draw three water molecules and identify the atoms and bonds.
300
3 functions for carbohydrates?
energy, structure, and cell recognition
300
Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats tend to be from animal sources, are solid at room temperature, and are hydrogenated.
Unsaturated fats are mostly from plants, liquid at room temperature (oils), and have a double bond, which creates a kink in the structure.
300
Name the three parts of the nucleotide
1. phosphate
2. sugar
3. nitrogenous base
400
Name and describe the three types of bonds we discussed in class.
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
400
Draw NaCl (salt) in water
400
Lactose is an example of what type of carbohydrate?
Disaccharide
400
Describe the phospholipid bilayer and how its structure is important to its function
Hydrophilic phosphate head (water-loving) that organizes on the outside of the membrane with hydrophobic fatty acid tails that orient towards the inside, creating a buffer or layer. It is semi-permeable, so it only allows some things through the membrane.
400
What are the 4/6 functions of proteins?
1. Enzymes
2. Structure (hair, collagen)
3. Cell signaling (hormones- insulin and growth hormone)
4. Transportation (ex. hemoglobin)
5. channel membrane transport
6. Antibodies (defense/immune system)
500
Carbon-14 loses protons and transforms into nitrogen during carbon dating. This transformation is a sign that carbon-14 is what type of element?
Radioactive isotope
500
Describe how the hydrogen bonds contribute to these four properties of water: capillary action, heat capacity, density of water/ice, and water solvency
capillary action: hydrogen bonding between water molecules (cohesion); hydrogen bonding between water and another polar molecule- glass or plant wall.
heat capacity: the hydrogen bonds between water hold a lot of heat or energy, and they can be released through thermoregulation (sweating) or evaporation.
density of water/ice: due to hydrogen bonding between positive and negative poles of the water molecule, when water freezes it forms in crystal shapes/structures that allow for more space or air, making it less dense than liquid water.
water solvency: the hydrogen bonding between polar charges and other polar substances makes water a good universal solvent.
500
Name three polysaccharides and their function
1. cellulose (plants)- structure
2. glycogen (animal cells)- energy
3. starch (plants)-energy storage
500
What are 4 functions of lipids?
energy, insulation, cell signaling (hormones), and cell membranes
500
Three differences in RNA and DNA
1. RNA has a uracil nitrogenous base vs. thymine in DNA
2. Ribose sugar in DNA is "deoxyribose" without oxygen
3. RNA is single-stranded, and DNA is double-stranded