Atoms and Isotopes
These are the three subatomic particles that compose an atom; two reside in the nucleus providing mass and charge, while the third orbits the center with a negative charge.
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?
This is the distinction between the two strongest bond types: one involves the sharing of electron pairs, while the other results from the attraction between atoms that have donated or received electrons.
What are covalent and ionic bonds?
This property describes the attraction between water molecules via hydrogen bonding, which gives rise to surface tension
What is cohesion?
In biological systems, the primary function of this type of substance is to resist significant changes in the pH of a solution.
What is a buffer?
These two opposite reactions are used to manage polymers: one removes water to form a bond, while the other adds water to break a bond.
What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
This specific element is the most abundant by mass in the human body, accounting for 65% of our total biological matter.
What is Oxygen?
Within the aqueous environment of biological systems, these specific bonds are identified as the strongest and most common types found in organic molecules.
What are covalent bonds?
While most substances contract as they cool, water reaches its maximum density at this specific temperature before expanding into a less-dense solid.
What is 4°C?
These two terms describe a molecule's relationship with water: the first refers to polar or charged "water-liking" substances, and the second refers to non-polar "water-disliking" substances.
What are hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
These highly unstable atoms or molecules possess an unpaired electron, causing them to change or damage the molecules they interact with.
What are free radicals?
What is the number of protons and neutrons in nucleus referred to as?
What is the mass number
o quickly identify non-polar bonds, look for two scenarios: any two of the same atom bound together or a bond between carbon and this specific element.
What is Hydrogen?
Because water has a high value for this property, it can absorb and store significant amounts of heat, acting as a temperature regulator for coastal regions like San Diego.
What is specific heat?
Organisms utilize general buffering mechanisms to maintain this state of stable internal balance, ensuring that pH remains within a functional range.
What is homeostasis?
This specific class of biologically produced free radicals, often abbreviated as ROS, is the primary cause of oxidative stress in the body.
What are Reactive Oxygen Species?
These are different forms of the same element that contain the same number of protons but vary in their neutron count, thereby differing in atomic weight.
What are isotopes?
While single covalent bonds allow for molecular rotation and flexibility, these multi-order bonds are characterized by their rigidity and lack of rotation.
What are double and triple bonds?
This phenomenon occurs when water is attracted to other polar materials, facilitating capillary action in plants or "imbibition" in germinating seeds.
What is adhesion?
The acidity of a biological solution is determined specifically by the concentration of this ion, which is a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron.
What is the H+ ion (or Hydrogen ion)?
The buildup of damage from free radicals is a byproduct of metabolism and is believed to be the underlying cause of this natural biological process.
What is aging?
These are where electrons exist 90% of the time
What are electron orbitals (or shells)?
These unique molecules possess a dual nature, containing both a polar hydrophilic region and a non-polar hydrophobic region, allowing them to solubilize lipids in water
What are amphipathic molecules?
Biologists often use this "not really true" label for water's ability to dissolve solutes by surrounding them with hydration shells.
What is the universal solvent?
Maintaining a specific pH is a key biological objective because the shape and function of molecules at this level of organization are dictated by the chemical environment.
What is cellular organization?
These substances, such as Vitamin E found in Rosehips, promote health by providing electrons to "quench" and neutralize free radicals.
What are antioxidants?