Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
The three subatomic particles (including locations)
What are protons (nucleus), neutrons (nucleus) and electrons (orbiting around nucleus).
An attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative carbon or nitrogen atom.
What is a hydrogen bond?
When ________ are linked, they form molecules called _________.
What are monomers; polymers?
Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by __________ and _________ chemical bonds.
What is breaking and forming?
A substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and, as a result, also increases the rate of the chemical reaction.
What is a catalyst?
One particular type of atom that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means
What is an element
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for three most important properties of water for life on Earth.
What is specific heat, cohesion, and adhesion?
Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and they include saccharides.
What are carbohydrates?
The substances changed during a chemical reaction, and the substances made by a chemical reaction.
What are reactants and products?
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things. Almost all of these are proteins.
What are enzymes?
A substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio.
What is a compound
Explain the difference between cohesion and adhesion.
What is cohesion is the attraction between molecules of a substance and adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substance?
Detailed instructions to build proteins are stored in these extremely long carbon-based molecules.
What are nucleic acids?
This type of chemical reaction is found in digestion; the other kind is found in building muscle.
What is hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis?
The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on.
What are substrates?
A(n) _(1)_____ is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, (2) this is why are certain atoms more likely to gain or lose electrons,
(1)What is an ion. (2) An ion forms because an atom is more stable when its outermost energy level is full; the gain or loss of electrons results in a full outermost (valence) energy level.
A homogeneous solution is a mixture of substances that is the same throughout - this is a description of these two parts.
What is a solvent is the substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance, and a solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent?
Saturated fatty acid vs polyunsaturated fatty acid.
What lipid hydrocarbon chains with no double bonds, and a lipid hydrocarbon chain with 2+ double bonds?
The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.
What is activation energy
The (1) specific place where substrates temporarily bind to enzymes, unless (2) this is blocking it.
What are a (1) active sites, and (2) a competitive inhibitor?
This (1) forms when atoms share a pair of electrons, holding together a __(2)____ like carbon dioxide.
(1) What is covalent bond; (2) a molecule
A compound that releases a proton (H+) - when it dissolves in water, and a compound that removes H+ ions from a solution.
What is an acid and a base?
These are the types of bonds found in a primary, secondary, and tertiary polypeptide structure.
What are peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and covalent, hydrophobic, ionic, disulfide bonds?
In terms of bond energy, describe the difference between endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions.
An endothermic chemical reaction absorbs more energy than it releases. If products have a higher bond energy than reactants, the reaction is endothermic. An exothermic chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs. If the products have a lower bond energy than the reactants, the reaction is exothermic.
The model that explains that first, enzymes bring substrate molecules close together, then second, the enzymes decrease activation energy.
What is the lock-and-key model