Properties of Matter
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
Element- simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties.
Compound- substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined
Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.
What are isotopes?
atoms that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but different number of neutrons (mass).
What is the maximum number of electrons s, p, d, and f orbitals can hold?
s - 2
p - 6
d - 10
f - 14
Where are cations and anions usually found on the periodic table?
cations on the left (metals give) anions on the right (nonmetals take)
What types of elements form ionic and covalent bonds?
ionic - metal & nonmetal
covalent - nonmetal & nonmetal
Describe the difference between a physical change and a chemical change.
physical changes can be reversed, substance stays the same (state of matter change or mixture), chemical changes are permanent and you end up with a new substance.
How are elements arranged on the periodic table?
By increasing atomic number (lowest to highest)
Where are the s, p, d, and f blocks found on the periodic table?
show on table
How do you determine the charge of an ion?
It is based on the number of protons and electrons an atom has
more protons than electrons = positive charge
more electrons than protons = negative charge
equal protons & electrons = neutral
How do you figure out how many valence electrons an element has?
The group number matches the number of valence electrons an element has (2A = 2 valence electrons)
What is the difference between physical properties and chemical properties? give examples of each
physical - characteristics you can see (color, texture, hardness, state of matter)
chemical - characteristics you have to test (flammability, reactivity, solubility, ability to conduct heat/electricity)
How can you find the number of protons, neutrons and electrons an element has?
Protons & Electrons are the same as the atomic number
neutrons - (atomic mass - atomic number)
Write the electron configuration for Nitrogen
1s22s22p3
Where do we find the elements with the highest atomic radius on the periodic table? The lowest?
Highest atomic radius is the lower left corner, lowest is the upper right corner
What is a single covalent bond? Provide an example.
Contain 1 shared pair of electrons between two atoms.
HCl, Cl2, F2, Br2, HF, CH4
What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures? List examples of each.
heterogeneous - mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout (trail mix, sandwich, salad)
homogeneous - mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout, also known as a solution (milk, lotion, air, blood, salt water)
Find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for Sodium (Na).
Protons - 11
Neutrons - 12 (23 (mass) - 11 (atomic #))
Electrons - 11
What element has the electron configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁵ ?
Fluorine (#9)
What is electronegativity? What types of elements will have the highest electronegativity (most likely to get 8 electrons via bonding)
Electronegativity is an atom's tendency to attract and form bonds with electrons.
Non-metals (right side of table) will have the highest electronegativity. *Noble gasses are the exception!*
What is the difference between ionic bonding and covalent bonding?
ionic bonds form through a give & take between metal (give) and nonmetal (take) - only nonmetals get 8.
covalent bonds form through sharing of electrons between 2 nonmetals (all get 8)
This type of fluid can be considered a liquid or a solid depending on the force that it applied to it.
A non-newtonian fluid
What is the difference between mass number and atomic mass?
mass number is based on a specific atom (protons + neutrons), atomic mass is the average mass of all isotopes of an element.
What are the (3) principles for electron configuration?
Aufbau principle- electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
Pauli Exclusion Principle- each atomic orbital may include a maximum of two electrons
Hund’s Rule: Every orbital in a sublevel gets one electron before any orbital gets a second electron.
Where are each of these families found on the periodic table? alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, metalloids, halogens, and noble gasses.
1A - alkali metals, 2A - alkali earth metals, center rectangle is transition metals, metalloid staircase (B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb), 7A - halogens, 8A - noble gasses
How do we know if a covalent bond is strong or weak?
depends on the amount of shared pairs of electrons
single covalent (1 pair) weakest, triple covalent (3 pairs) strongest.