Matter & Particle Theory / States of Matter
What is the amount of matter in an object called, and what is it measured in?
Mass; measured in grams (g), kilograms (kg), or milligrams (mg)
What word describes how much light passes through a substance (transparent, translucent, opaque)?
Clarity
Name the two types of pure substances.
Elements (one kind of atom) and Compounds (two or more elements chemically combined)
Name one property each for metals and non-metals.
Metals: shiny (lustrous), good conductors; Non-metals: non-lustrous, poor conductors
How many electrons can fit in the first shell? Second shell? Third shell? Fourth shell?
1st: 2, 2nd: 8, 3rd: 8, 4th: 8
Which state of matter has a moderate motion and random arrangement?
Liquid
What quantitative property describes how easily a liquid flows?
Viscosity
One morning, Ms. McKinley is rushing to get to class and accidentally knocks over her cup of coffee. The dark brown liquid spreads across the floor. She notices that no matter where she looks in the puddle, the coffee looks the same—its color, consistency, and texture appear uniform. What type of mixture is this?
Homogeneous
Which group contains very reactive metals stored in oil?
Alkali metals (Group 1)
Oxygen (O) is in Group 16. How many valence electrons does it have?
6 valence electrons
Which state of matter has a regular arrangement and little motion?
Solid
A shiny, ductile, malleable material is likely to be a _________.
Metal
Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located?
Protons & neutrons in the nucleus; electrons outside the nucleus in orbits
Which family contains non-reactive, colourless gases used in neon signs?
Noble gases (Group 18)
How many shells and valence electrons does fluorine have?
2 shells, 7 valance electrons
According to the Particle Theory of Matter, list three statements about how particles behave.
All matter is made of tiny particles; particles are always moving; particles attract each other (stronger when closer); particles have space between them; each substance has unique particles.
List two clues that a chemical change has occurred.
New colour, gas forms, heat or light produced, precipitate forms, hard to reverse.
Ms. McKinley describes another mystery element to her class:
This atom has 20 electrons.
The atomic mass shown on the periodic table is 40.
What element is this?
How many neutrons does it have?
Calcium
Ms. McKinley tells her students about a family of elements found in Group 2 of the periodic table. These elements are shiny, silvery metals that are a bit less reactive than the ones in Group 1. They’re often found in rocks, bones, and shells, and are important for strong teeth and muscles. One of them even helps keep your heart beating properly!
This element family is the __________, and one example is __________.
What are the Alkaline Earth Metals, and one example is Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Barium (Ba), Strontium (Sr), Beryllium (Be), or Radium (Ra)?
If magnesium’s Bohr model has 3 shells, how many electrons are in each shell?
2 in the first, 8 in the second, and 2 in the third
Rank solids, liquids, and gases from strongest to weakest particle attraction.
→ Solid → Liquid → Gas
Ms. McKinley accidentally catches her sleeve on fire using a Bunsen burner. What type of change occurs when new substances like ash and smoke are produced?
Chemical change
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does sodium have?
Protons, electrons = 11
Neutrons = 12
Ms. McKinley tells her class about a family of elements found in Group 17 of the periodic table. She explains that these elements are very reactive non-metals, often found in disinfectants, toothpaste, and table salt. They love to form compounds with metals and are known for their poisonous gases and colourful vapors.
QUESTION:
This element family is the __________, and one example is __________.
Halogens, and one example is Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), or Astatine (At)
Calcium has 20 electrons. Using this information, determine how many electron shells it has, how its electrons are distributed across those shells, and how many valence electrons are in its outermost shell.
4 shells total — with 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in the second, 8 in the third, and 2 in the fourth — giving calcium 2 valence electrons