Matter
Pure substances, Mixtures, Compounds, and Elements
Solution vocabulary
Separation Techniques
Physical and Chemical Properties, Physical and Chemical Changes, and Density.
100
What is matter? Provide using examples.
Matter is anything that has mass and volume and takes up space. There are 3 states of matter; solid (ice), liquid (water), gas (water vapor).
100
What is a pure substance?
A pure substance only contains one element or atom in its composition. It has constant physical and chemical properties and cannot be physically separated.
100
What is a solution?
A solution is a heterogenous mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase.
100
Separation Techniques for Homogenous Mixtures: Distillation
Distillation is used to separate substances based on differences in boiling point.
EX: purifying water from saltwater
100
What are chemical changes?
Chemical changes are changes in the physical and chemical properties of a substance. It involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. Examples of chemical changes are combustion, rotting, rusting, and digestion.
200
What is non-matter?
Non - Matter is the opposite of matter. They don't have mass or volume. An example of non matter is electricity.
200
What is a mixture? List the 2 types and describe them in detail using examples.
A mixture is a mixture of two or more substances that can be physically separated. Mixtures have varying chemical and physical properties. The 2 types of mixtures are:
Homogeneous: Homogeneous mixtures appear uniform throughout (solution). EX: air.
Heterogeneous: Heterogeneous mixtures have a varying composition throughout, so you can see the separate particles. EX: trail mix.
200
What is the solute?
The solute is the substance(s) getting dissolved into the solvent.
200
Separation Techniques for Homogenous mixtures: Chromatography
Chromatography is used to separate substances based on their movement through a stationary phase (the substance that doesn't move. Usually a solid)
EX: Separating pigments in ink or food coloring by moving them across a paper with a solvent.
200
What is a physical change?
Physical changes are changes in shape, size, or state. No new substance is formed. Examples of physical changes include melting, sublimating, boiling, shredding, and cutting.
300
Describe the properties of a solid. Provide an example.
An example of a solid is ice. Solids have definite shape and volume; their particles are tightly packed together and vibrate in place. Particle movement in a solid is restricted.
300
What is a compound?
A compound is atoms of different elements chemically combined. They can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
300
What is the solvent?
The solvent is the largest quantity in the mixture and it is the substance that is doing the dissolving.
300
Separation Techniques for Heterogeneous Mixtures: Decantation
Decantation involves carefully pouring off the liquid from a settled solid, leaving the solid behind.
EX: separating water from sand after the sand has settled.
300
What are chemical properties?
Chemical properties indicate the ability of a substance to undergo changes that can transform it into a different substance(s). EX: reactivity and flammability.
400
Describe the properties of a liquid. Provide an example.
An example of a liquid is water. Liquids have indefinite shape, but definite volume. Movement in a liquid is less restricted because the particles are loosely packed allowing them to glide past one another.
400
What is an element?
An element contains only one type of atom. They can only be changed into other elements through nuclear methods.
400
What is the solute and solvent in air?
Solvent: Nitrogen
Solute(s): Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Other gases
400
Separation Techniques for Heterogeneous Mixtures: Centrifiguation
Centrifugation separates components based on density by rapidly spinning the mixture, forcing the denser substance(s) to the bottom.
EX: A device called a centrifuge is used to separate blood components in medical labs.
400
What are physical properties?
Physical properties are properties that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. EX: Luster, solubility, color, conductivity, ductility, and malleability.
500
Describe the properties of a gas. Provide an example.
An example of a gas is water vapor. Gases have indefinite shape and volume. The particles inside a gas have unrestricted movement and move at high speeds, bouncing off one another. This is because the particles in a gas are very spread out.
500
What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?
An atom is the smallest particle in an element that has the same properties as that element. It is only stable when an electron is present. A molecule is 2 or more of the same atom chemically bonded together that is stable by itself.
500
What is an Aqueous solution?
An aqueous solution is any solution where the solvent is water.
500
Separation Techniques for Heterogeneous and Homogenous Mixtures: Filtration
Heterogenous: Used to separate solids from liquids by passing it through a filter that catches larger particles. EX: filtering sand from water using filter paper.
Homogeneous: Ultra-fine filtration can separate some homogenous mixtures, especially at a microscopic level. EX: removing pollutants from water using activated carbon filters.
500
What is density?
Density is a physical property measured in 1g/mL that describes how much mass is in a given volume
Equation for density: mass/volume
Equation for mass: density x volume
Equation for volume: mass/density