Polarity
This is how electrons are shared in a polar covalent bond
What is unevenly?
If the central atom contains this, then you know it's a polar molecule even if you do not know its elemental composition
What is a lone pair of electrons?
This molecular shape has a central atom with 4 substituents and 0 lone pairs
What is tetrahedral?
The attractive force that enables salt to dissolve in water
What is ion - dipole forces?
When molecules in a substance have a stronger attraction to each other, more of this is needed to convert the substance into a gaseous phase
What is heat energy?
A type of bond that occurs when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.4
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
These two molecular shapes are always polar molecules
What are bent and triangular pyramidal?
This molecular shape has a central atom with 2 substituents and 0 lone pairs
What is linear
The attraction between HCN molecules
What are dipole - dipole forces?
Molecules attracted to each other by induced dipole - induced dipole forces tend to have this type of boiling point compared to molecules attracted to each other by dipole - dipole forces (assuming similar size and shape)
What is a lower boiling point?
An atom with a higher electronegativity in a bond will pull these subatomic particles away from the other atom in the bond
What are electrons?
Another way of saying "polar molecule" is by saying a "molecule that contains a ____"
What is a dipole?
This molecular shape has a central atom with 3 substituents and 0 lone pairs
What is triangular planar (trigonal planar)?
The attraction between water molecules
What are hydrogen bonds?
Larger nonpolar atoms and molecules tend to have this type of boiling point compared to smaller nonpolar atoms and molecules
What is a higher boiling point?
The partially negative atom in a bond between hydrogen and oxygen
What is oxygen?
Carbon dioxide contains this type of bond and is this type of molecule
What are polar covalent bonds? And what is a nonpolar molecule (linear, AB2)?
This molecular shape has a central atom with 4 substituents and 1 lone pair
What is triangular pyramidal (trigonal pyramidal)?
The attraction between carbon dioxide molecules
What are induced dipole - induced dipole forces?
Molecules with lower surface area tend to have this type of boiling point compared to longer molecules with more surface area
What is a lower boiling point?
Diatomic nitrogen contains this type of bond and is this type of molecule
What is a nonpolar covalent bond? What is a nonpolar molecule (linear, ABE)?
Honors class only: ozone (O3) contains this type of bond and is this type of molecule
What are nonpolar covalent bonds? And what is a polar molecule (bent, AB2E)? Reminder that ozone has a resonance structure
This molecular shape has a central atom with 3 substituents and 1 lone pair
What is bent?
A polar molecule can induce this in a nonpolar molecule due to proximity
What is a temporary dipole?
The following substances from highest to lowest boiling point: water, magnesium oxide, diatomic oxygen, and carbon dioxide
What is magnesium oxide, water, carbon dioxide, and diatomic oxygen?