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What is physical development ?
the growth and change of the human body such as brain,muscles,bones.
According to Piaget, why do children think differently than adults?
People learn through experience; therefore, since children have less experience than adults, they think differently.
What is the most important experience in psychoanalytic theory?
Early life experiences
What is the definition of developmental theories?
Comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time
What is the difference between Erik Erikson and Freud?
Erikson incorporated social processes into his theory, because he believed people are motivated to connect with other people
What is classical conditioning?
a form of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an emotional reaction.
How many stages are there in Erikson’s psychosocial theory, and what are they based on?
8 stages, based on overcoming psychological and social conflicts
What is the 8th stage of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development?
Integrity vs Despair
What strategy did Freud use with his patients to help him develop psychoanalytical theory?
The "talking cure". Freud would listen to his patients talk through issues and early life. This led Freud to conclude that early life affects future life.
What do cognitive theories focus on?
How people process information, think, and learn.
Who completed experiments on classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is ecological theory?
Humans are born blank slates, and raised to have certain traits by their environment and the people around them.
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning is associates a neutral stimulus with an emotional reaction. Operant conditioning reinforces behaviors with rewards and consequences.
What is ethological theory?
People are born with certain traits, such as genes and DNA.
How did Vygotsky expand upon Piaget's theory?
Vygotsky included social interaction as a key aspect of development.
According to Piaget, what are characteristics of the preoperational stage of thinking?
The child uses words and images (symbols) to represent objects, but cannot reason logically. The child can imagine and play. Their worldview is egocentric.
What are the 4 stages of development in Piaget's cognitive theory?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
According to Bandura's experiment with sociocultural theory, what may motivate children to behave a certain way?
Imitating adults to please them.
What are the two factors that affect a child's development?
Hereditary factors and environmental factors.
What is Piaget's schema?
A cognitive structure that organizes and interprets information serving as a building block of knowledge
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is area that you can learn with the help of others?
Zone of Proximal Development
What are the three levels of moral decision making in Kohlberg's theory?
preconvetional morality, conventional morality, and post conventional morality
What do psychoanalytic theories focus on?
Psychoanalytic theories primarily focus on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior and personality. They explore the role of early childhood experiences
Erikson said that with each stage, there must be a ____ in resolving conflict for optimal development.
Erikson said that with each stage, there must be a balance for optimal development
What is the difference between behaviorism and social cognitive theory?
While behaviorism focuses strictly on observable behavior and environmental influences, social cognitive theory adds an emphasis on cognition and social influences in learning.