Cognitive Development
The ability to think about ideas and concepts that are not physically present, like justice or freedom
What is abstract thinking?
Age when human brain reach about 95% of its adult size
What is around 7 years old?
The term for the strong emotional bond formed between a child and caregiver
What is attachment?
Age when most children say their first word
What is around 12 months?
The term for harmful substances like alcohol or drugs that can affect a developing fetus
What are teratogens?
Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but not independently
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The term that describes the rapid physical growth that occurs during adolescence
What is a growth spurt?
Type of parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands
What is authoritative parenting?
The term for understanding more words than one can produce
What is receptive language?
The term for the grasp used by infants to pick up small objects using their thumb and forefinger
What is the pincer grasp?
The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
What is object permanence?
Part of the brain which is the last to fully develop, responsible for planning, decision-making, and self-control
What is the prefrontal cortex?
Stage of Erikson’s theory that involves a child developing a sense of purpose through initiative
What is initiative vs. guilt?
The term for the speech sounds made by infants before they speak actual words?
What is babbling?
The name of the reflex that causes a newborn to turn its head toward a touch on the cheek
What is the rooting reflex?
The term for the inability to take another person’s perspective during early childhood
What is egocentrism?
Chemicals in the body that send messages and help control growth, emotions, and development
What are hormones?
The theory which focuses on how unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences influence behavior and personality
What is psychoanalytic theory?
The term for the ability to use language effectively in different social contexts?
What is pragmatic language?
The term for the debate about whether genetics or environment plays a bigger role in development
What is the nature vs. nurture debate?
Term for a mental framework that helps organize and interpret information
What is a schema?
The name of the fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up neural communication
What is myelin?
The theory which explains moral development through stages, such as preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels
What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
The term for the set of rules that govern how words are arranged into sentences
What is syntax?
The name of the phenomenon where children learn behaviors by observing others, such as parents or peers
What is observational learning?