The Stages of Cognitive Development
The main achievement during this stage is Object Permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. It requires the ability to form a mental representation (i.e., a schema) of the object.
What is the Sensorimotor Stage?
This is an example of this type of language:
"I'm thirsty!"
What is instrumental language?
This child is in this stage of language acquisition and is this approximate age.
"Bababa!"
What is the babbling stage (6-8 months old)?
This is an example of this term:
"Calling another male “daddy.”
What is overextension?
This theorist believed that children learn language through operant conditioning; in other words, children receive “rewards” for using language in a functional manner.
During this stage, young children can think about things symbolically. This is the ability to make one thing - a word or an object - stand for something other than itself.
Thinking is still egocentric, and the infant has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others.
What is the Pre-operational Stage?
This is an example of this type of language:
"We have to take turns. You can use the teeter totter after me."
What is regulatory language?
This child is in this stage of language acquisition and is this approximate age.
"Train go!"
What is the holophrastic stage (9-18 months)?
This is an example of this term:
Using only the word “dog” for the family dog
His LAD theory states that children have the innate biological ability to learn language; however, his theory has not been supported by genetic or neurological studies.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
Piaget considered this a major turning point in the child's cognitive development because it marks the beginning of logical thought. This means the child can work things out internally in their head (rather than physically try things out in the real world).
Children can conserve number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9). Conservation is the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes.
This is an example of this type of language:
"You're my best friend. Let's play!"
What is interactional language?
This child is in this stage of language acquisition and is this approximate age.
"Mommy go to store!"
What is the telegraphic stage (24-30 months)?
This is an example of this term:
Saying the phrase “runned”
What is a virtuous error?
His theory of language development suggests that children use both assimilation and accommodation to learn language. Assimilation is the process of changing one’s environment to place information into an already-existing schema (or idea). Accommodation is the process of changing one’s schema to adapt to the new environment. He believed children need to first develop mentally before language acquisition can occur. According to him, children first create mental structures within the mind (schemas) and from these schemas, language development happens.
Who is Jean Piaget?
This stage begins at approximately age eleven and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses.
What is the Formal Operational Stage?
This is this type of language:
"Me smart boy!"
What is personal language?
This child is in this stage of language acquisition and is this approximate age.
"Cow say mooooo"
What is the telegraphic stage (24-30 months)?
This is an example of this term:
Saying the phrase “wented.”
What is a virtuous error?
His theory of language development focused on social learning and the zone of proximal development (ZPD).
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
Child is able to use language for situations outside their immediate experience and are able to think more logically about observable situations.
What is the Concrete Operational Stage?
This is this type of language:
"Why don't YOU wear makeup, daddy?"
What is heuristic language?
This child is in this stage of language acquisition and is this approximate age.
"Can I have one, please?"
What is the continuing development (aka the later multi-word) stage (30+ months)?
This is an example of this term:
Referring to any eating utensil as a “plate.”
What is overextension?
This theorist developed his Constructivist Theory, arguing learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on a cognitive structure to do so.
Who is Jerome Bruner?