Family tree
a foreign dynasty, forced on the Chinese by the conquering Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan, that ruled China for nearly 100 years, from 1271 – 1368.
It was a humiliating era for the Han Chinese, who were extremely proud of their great culture, to fall under foreign rule.
What was the Yuan Dynasty?
A 17‐year‐long struggle in which many red‐turbaned warlords battled to replace the Mongol‐race Yuan dynasty with a Han‐race dynasty.
The end result of this was that the Ming dynasty replaced the Yuan dynasty.
What was the Red Turban Rebellion?
First emperor of the Ming Dynasty! He was one of many warlords fighting the Red Turban Rebellion against the Yuan but he was set apart because of his virtues: frugal living, mercy and good government.
Who was Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang?
The idea that Heaven decided which family was best suited to rule China, basing its decision on that family’s moral virtue. So long as a dynasty ruled morally, it retained the rule; but if a dynasty fell into immorality, then Heaven might withdraw it.
What was the Mandate of Heaven?
Strict Scottish Protestants whom Charles II and James II executed for refusing to swear the Oath of Abjuration after the Restoration of the Monarchy.
Who were The Covenanter Martyrs?
This era was a Chinese Golden Age, a time of peace & prosperity during which Chinese developed fantastic innovations. The Era of Empress Wu Zetian.
What was the Tang dynasty?
The Chinese people’s strong sense of duty to their families, from ancestors to parents.
What is filial piety?
Ming general accused of plotting against Zhu Yuangzhang.
Who is Lan Yu?
A Manchu warrior hairstyle that required a man to shave the front of his head, while allowing the hair on the back of his head to grow long so that he could braid it into a long pigtail. The Manchu forced all Han Chinese men to adopt this hairstyle, under this harsh maxim: “If you want to keep your head, then you must lose your hair; but if you want to keep your hair, then you must lose your head.”
It symbolized Manchu headship over the Han.
What is the Manchu Queue?
a statement of faith that the Scots had all sworn to uphold the reformed faith they learned from John Knox during the English Civil War.
What was the National Covenant?
The great accomplishments during this era included (1) the building of the Imperial City; (2) the restoration of the Grand Canal; and (3) the transformation of the Great Wall of China from an incomplete collection of broken‐down earthen walls into a mighty, continuous barrier of brick and stone.
What was the Ming Dynasty?
A hard to track climate phenomenon that dramatically lowered average temps and destroyed crops, leading to widespread famine and discontent
What was the Little Ice Age?
a powerful secret police force that Zhu Yuanzhang created to defend himself against potential rebels.
Who were the jinyiwei?
it stands in the center of Beijing with 999 buildings and 9,999 rooms. It is one of the most remarkable imperial palaces inside a larger walled city called the Imperial city
What is the Forbidden City?
An oath that declared the National Covenant unlawful and denounced all covenanters as traitors to their king.
What is the Oath of Abjuration?
Named after China's largest race of people, this era saw important Chinese innovations like paper and the magnetic compass.
Who was the Han Dynasty?
Li Zicheng’s soldiers plundered the poor after sparing the poor in so many other cities. Before this, Li Zicheng’s solidarity with the poor meant that his soldiers couldn’t plunder as other warlords’ soldiers did.
(Li promised his soldiers wealth from the emperor’s treasury; but when they got there, they found that legendary treasury empty. At this, Li’s disappointed soldiers decided to take what they wanted from the poor, and thus destroyed Li’s good name.)
What was the Sack of Beijing?
A former Ming general who decided to open the gates of the Great Wall of China, allowing a Manchu army through at Shanhai Pass. With his help, the Manchu Qing dynasty first defeated Li Zicheng, and then took the Ming dynasty’s place on China’s throne.
Who was Wu Sangui?
A 3 year Chinese Civil war started by Zhu Di who was upset because his 14 year old nephew Zhu Yunwen took the place as emperor when the grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang died.
What was the Jianwen Campaign?
Marked by Richard Cameron's death this was a dark time when Scotland pursued thousands of Covenanters to their deaths.
What was the Killing Time?
As Li Zicheng’s army approached Beijing, he first cut down his entire family (except his sons, whom he had sent away for safety), and then hanged himself to death from the Guilty Chinese Scholar Tree.
Who was the Last Ming Emperor? Zhu Youjian?
The Chinese people's cruel practice of punishment for certain crimes by exterminating not only the criminal himself, but also his entire family from two generations above to two generations below.
Some Chinese reasoned that if one family member rebelled against the emperor, then the entire family must have approved of that rebellion— or else his elders would have used their authority to stop his rebellion.
What was Nine Familial Exterminations or Extermination to the 3rd degree?
a former postal worker who wound up overthrowing the last Ming dynasty emperor.
Who is Li Zicheng?
A well respected stubborn Confucian scholar who refused to write a nice inaugural address for Zhu Di. The only person in China to receive the worst punishment on record not 9 but 10 Familial Exterminations. (included students and friends)
Who was Fang Xiarou?
A skirmish that began in November 1666 because a band of covenanters attacked a squad of dragoons who were beating and old man for failing to pay his conventicle fine. At the end the dragoons & Archbishop James Sharp did not keep their promise for mercy and severed the heads of 11 covenanters, skewered them and set them on public display.
What was The Battle of Rullion Green?