Chapter 23.1
What structure secretes lacrimal fluid? And what does the lacrimal fluid contain?
Lacrimal gland, it contains. mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme
This structure controls the movement of your eyeball and ensures that your eye is in the bony orbit. How many are there in total?
Extrinsic eye muscles. There is a total of 6 extrinsic muscles; four recti and two oblique
So the refraction of light in the eye produces a. real image on the retina, describe what real image is.
Reversed from left to right, inverted, and smaller than the object
True or false: blood is not a tissue. Justify your answer
FALSE. Blood is a connective tissue because it has matrix
What are the three types FORMED ELEMENTS present in the blood?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets
At what structure does the fibers from the medical side of the eye cross over?
Optic chiasma
What are the two segments of the eye that the lens separates and what fluids do they contain?
Anterior segment, aqueous humor (watery fluid)
Posterior segment, vitreous humor (gel-like)
What is accommodation?
Ability the eye to focus differentially for objects of close vision
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide
Name all the types of leukocytes.
Basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte
Which of the two segments of the eye is further divided into anterior and posterior chambers and where are they located at?
Anterior segment; located before and after the iris
What is the difference of macula luted and fovea centralis?
Macula lutea, area of HIGH cone density
Fovea centralis, area contains ONLY cones and. is the area of greatest visual acuity
If there are only three cone types, red, blue, and green, then how can we see other colors other than those cone types described above?
Overlapping input from more than one cone type leads the brain to interpret the intermediate colors of the visible light spectrum
How would you differentiate a neutrophil from eosinophil from a photomicrograph of a human blood smear with Wright's strain?
Neutrophil have multi-lobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophil have bi-lobed nucleus and red cytoplasmic granules
What is the difference between polycythemia and anemia?
Polycythemia, increase in the number of RBC which may result from bone marrow cancer or living at high altitudes like mountain ranges
Anemia, decrease oxygen-carrying capacity of blood that may result from a decrease in the number of RBC or decreased hemoglobin contest of RBCs
What is the medical term for a "pink eye" and what accessory structure is affected when diagnosed with such?
Conjunctivitis; inflammation of conjunctiva
What is the pathway of light and pathway of signal output?
Pathway of light: axons of the ganglion cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors, pigmented layer of retina, optic nerve, brain
Pathway of signal output: opposite direction
What is an advantage of having binocular vision?
What is leukemia?
Malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues, uncontrolled. proliferation of abnormal WBC accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBC and platelets
Where are clotting factors and procoagulants located in the blood?
Normally in the plasma, platelets, injured and involved tissue
Name all the extrinsic muscles and their actions
Lateral rectus, moves eye laterally
Medial rectus, moves eye medially
Superior rectus, elevates eye and turns it medially
Inferior rectus, depresses eye and turns it medially
Inferior oblique, elevates eye and turns it laterally
Superior oblique, depresses eye and turns in laterally
There are two structures in the retina, what are they and what are their function?
Pigmented layer of the retina, absorbs light and prevents it from scattering in the eye, acts as phagocyte, store vitamin A for photoreceptor renewal
Neural layer of the retina, photoreceptors respond to light and convert light. energy into AP that travels to the primary cortex of the brain
What are the terms for nearsighted and farsighted and how can each be corrected?
Nearsighted AKA myopic eye can be corrected with concave because eyeball is too long
Farsighted AKA hyperopic eye can be corrected with convex because eyeball is too short
What is the process of blood clotting?
1. Injured tissues and platelets release tissue factor and platelet factor 3
2. Tissue factor and platelet factor 3 interacts with calcium and other clotting factors
3. Formation of prothrombin activator
4. Convert prothrombin to thrombin
5. thrombin polymerize the soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, which then forms a meshwork that traps RBC
Explain why is type AB+ blood considered the universal recipient?
Because they have NO antibodies to A, B, and Rh in their blood and can receive blood from a donor of any blood type