Imperial Makeover
This Latin phrase means “Roman Peace” and lasted about 200 years.
What is the Pax Romana
Roman aqueducts, arches, and concrete are examples of this lasting contribution.
What is architecture/engineering
This emperor’s conversion to Christianity helped it spread throughout the empire.
Who was Constantine
The Western Church used Latin and followed the Pope, while the Eastern Church used this language and followed the Patriarch.
What is Greek
The Western Roman Empire fell in this year.
What is 476 CE
This emperor won support by giving free grain and hosting gladiator games.
Who was Augustus
The U.S. borrowed separation of powers and checks and balances from this Roman system.
What is the Roman Republic
This statement of belief was created at a council in 325 CE
What is the Nicene creed
This 1054 event divided Christianity into Roman Catholicism in the West and Eastern Orthodoxy in the East.
What was the Great Schism/Schism
Heavy taxation, food shortages, and inflation were examples of this kind of decline.
What is economic decline
Augustus kept peace by doing this to the size of the army.
What is reducing the size of the army
This ancient language influenced Italian, Spanish, French, and English.
What is Latin
This title, meaning “father,” became the name for the leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
What is pope
This grand church in Constantinople symbolized Byzantine achievement
What was the Hagia Sophia
Invasions by groups such as the Visigoths and Huns weakened Rome’s borders. These groups are often called this.
What are barbarians
Soldiers, freedmen, and this group benefited most from Augustus's reforms
Who were the plebeians
This type of wall painting decorated Roman villas.
What is a fresco
According to Catholic tradition, this apostle was the first pope.
While the Catholic West built stained glass windows and manuscripts, the Orthodox East expressed its faith through this distinctive type of flat, sacred artwork
What are icons
Rome’s leadership became corrupt, weak, and unable to solve problems — an example of this type of internal failure.
What is political failure/corruption
This elite group of Romans resented Augustus for bypassing their power
Who were the senators
This collection of written rules, first carved on bronze tablets, was the foundation of Roman law.
What were the Twelve Tables
At this battle in 312 CE, Constantine claimed to see a vision of the Christian cross in the sky, leading him to victory and eventually legalizing Christianity
What is the Battle of Milvian Bridge
In 1054, the Great Schism split Christianity into two traditions. On one side stood the Pope in Rome; on the other, this leader in Constantinople.
What is the Patriarch
The fall of Rome brought short-term chaos and insecurity. Name one long-term consequences that reshaped Europe.
What is . . .
1) Rise of Feudalism: With no central authority, local lords provided protection in exchange for service, creating the feudal system.
2) Shift in Identity: Europe’s cultural identity shifted away from Roman “citizenship” toward Christian identity.
3) Rise of the Catholic Church: With emperors gone, the Pope in Rome became the most stable authority in the West.
4) Knowledge Kept by the Church: Monasteries preserved Latin texts, Christian writings, and some Roman learning.