types of arguments
Define a strong argument
When the truth of the premises makes it very likely that the conclusion is true too
Give the argument form for the following: Some writers are famous. So, some philosophers are famous, since all philosophers are writers
Some W are F.
All P are W.
Some P are F
Create a counterargument to prove this structure is invalid: All pugs are dogs. This is because all pugs are furry, and all dogs are furry
D : cats
F : animals
P : dogs
All dogs are animals.
All cats are animals.
All dogs are cats
This fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of addressing the argument itself.
Define ad hominem
What type of fallacy is this: Every apple in that barrel weighs very little. So, I predict that the barrel of apples weighs very little
Composition
True or false: A sound argument always has true premises
True
Give the argument form for the following: All houses are structures that have walls; so, all university buildings are houses, because university buildings have
walls.
All H are W
All U are W
All U are H
Create a counterargument to prove this structure is invalid: Some writers are famous. So, some philosophers are famous, since all philosophers are writers
W: animals
P: penguins
F: mammals
Some animals are mammals.
All penguins are animals
Some penguins are mammals
This fallacy occurs when someone claims that one small step will inevitably lead to a chain of extreme and usually negative consequences without sufficient evidence.
What is slippery slope?
What type of fallacy is this: Evolutionists think that a dog can give birth to a cat. This is ridiculous. Evolutionary theory is clearly false.
Straw man
True or false: A valid argument can have a false conclusion
True
Give the argument structure for the following: No man is free. All men are animals, so no animal is free
No M are F
All M are A
No A are F
Create a counterargument to prove this structure is invalid: All houses are structures that have walls; so, all university buildings are houses, because university buildings have
walls.
H: dogs
W: animals
U: cats
All dogs are animals
All cats are animals
All cats are dogs
This fallacy occurs when someone claims something is true (or false) simply because it has not been proven false (or true).
What is appeal to ignorance?
What type of fallacy is this: There must be something to psychical research: two famous physicists, Oliver Lodge and Arthur Stanley Eddington, took it seriously
Appeal to unqualified authority
True or false: If a deductive argument has a false conclusion, then it is not valid
False
Give the argument structure for the following: All dogs are mammals, because all poodles are mammals, and all poodles are dogs
All P are M
All P are D
All D are M
Create a counterargument to prove this structure is invalid: No man is free. All men are animals, so no animal is free.
M: fish
F: mammals
A: animals
No fish are mammals
All fish are animals
No animals are mammals
This fallacy occurs when someone dismisses an argument by accusing the person making it of hypocrisy instead of addressing the argument itself.
What is tu tuoque?
What type of fallacy is this: The day after Professor Rossberg gave a talk in L.A., a devastating earthquake struck. For safety reasons, Rossberg should be banned from giving any more talks.
False cause / post hoc
True or false: An inductive argument always has true premises
False
Give the argument structure for the following: All philosophers are thinkers, because all ethicists are thinkers, and all ethicists are philosophers
All E are T
All E are P
Therefore, All P are T
Create a counterargument to prove this structure is invalid: All dogs are mammals, because all poodles are mammals, and all poodles are dogs
P: horses
M: mammals
D: animals
All horses are mammals
All horses are animals
All animals are mammals
This fallacy occurs when someone assumes that because one event happened after another, the first event must have caused the second.
What is False cause / post hoc
What type of fallacy is this: You tell me I should stop vaping because it’s bad for my health? I’m not going to listen to you. You’re vaping 30ml a day!
tu tuoque