What are melodrama, literary realism (Balzac), and the Diorama?
These are the three important factors in the shift to the depiction of visual (and other sensory) experience(s) in the 19th century.
100
What is the Phénakistoscope?
Joseph Plateau constructed the 1st apparatus for synthesis of motion. It presented successive phases of a simple motion on a disc, motion that was perceived as continuous.
100
Who was Étienne-Jules Marey?
He was interested in the graphic recording of motion related initially to circulation of the blood.
100
Who was Thomas Edison?
He wanted to merge the idea of the phonograph with optical synthesis of motion.
100
What is selling cameras (mass production), not movies?
This was Edison's business goal.
200
Who was Louis Daguerre?
He was the inventor of the Diorama.
200
What is the Zoëtrope?
It was the mirrorless improvement of the cylindrical variant of the Phénakistoscope.
200
Who was Edweard Muybridge?
He used a succession of photographic cameras to record and analyze the motion of horses.
200
What was the Kinetoscope?
W.K.L. Dickson's device realized Edison's idea, but it couldn't project.
200
What was the portable still camera?
Whereas Edison's device was heavy and bulky, Lumière's was small and light, having been designed according to this model.
300
Who was Joseph Nicéphore Niepce?
He fixed a photographic image on a metal plate by means of heliography, a process requiring many hours of exposure.
300
What was the Praxinoscope?
This was the device that resulted when Émile Reynaud combined the Phénakistoscope with the Zoëtrope to project images on a screen.
300
What was the fusil photographique?
This device Marey improved on Muybridge's by adapting an apparatus devised by the astronomer Pierre-Jules-César Janssen.
300
Who was Robert W. Paul (England)?
Because Edison didn't patent his apparatus in Europe, others pirated his model. He was the first to make and manufacture knock-offs.
300
What was the Kinetoscope?
Antoine "Papa" Lumière first thought that the company would produce films for this device.
400
Who is Louis Daguerre?
He fixed a photographic image on a copper plate with an exposure time of 4-5 minutes.
400
What was the Théâtre Optique?
This was the commercial name of Reynaud's projecting Praxinoscope, an apparatus that had a rotating drum with a feed and a takeup reel.
400
What was the Chronophotographe?
Marey's device solved the problem of being limited to 12 images (using a continuous strip of Eastman Kodak roll film).
400
What was the modern sewing machine?
Louis Lumière modeled his working camera/projector on the mechanisms of this 19th-century technology.
400
What is a "wonder of science"?
The Cinématographe was not first publicized in terms of its potential for mass production, but rather as this.
500
Who are Hippolyte Bayard and William Henry Fox Talbot (Calotype)?
The Daguérrotype's images were not mechanically reproducible, but theirs were.
500
What was the Musée Grévin?
It was the wax museum where Reynaud exhibited his Théâtre Optique along with magic shows, pantomimes, marionettes, and later, motion pictures.
500
What was Émile Reynaud's Théâtre Optique?
Marey had the 1st movie camera, it could not register images in such a way as to give the illusion of motion. This non-photographic apparatus had already solved this problem.
500
What was the Cinématographe?
This was the Lumière device for recording and projecting moving images.
500
What was public exhibition, not mass production or film production?
The Lumières envisioned exploiting this market with their camera.