Circulation
Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?
amphibians
fishes
mammals
birds
reptiles (non-avian)
fishes
CFU: What type of circulation would this be? (Chapter 42)
The exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the blood occurs in the:
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
veins
venules
capillaries
What is the function of helper T-cells?
initiation of inflammation
phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses
promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity
production of specific antibodies against pathogens
the production of antibodies
promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity
Freshwater fish excrete
ammonia
uric acid
urea
all of the above
no nitrogenous waste product
ammonia
“Stratified columnar” is a description that would apply to what type of animal tissue?
connective
striated muscle
nerve
epithelial
bone
epithelial
Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because:
Blood pressure is less than of the interstitial fluid
The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than of the blood
The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the blood pressure.
Osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
The blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.
The blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.
During exhalation in humans, air moves from the bronchus into the
bronchioles
alveoli
nostrils
pharynx
trachea
trachea
The inflammatory response includes all of the following except
vessel constriction
temperature increase
increased blood flow
phagocytosis
release of histamine by Mast cells
vessel constriction
This segment of the nephron has only ion channels but no water channels
ascending limb of loop of Henle
descending limb of loop of Henle
proximal tubule
distal tubule
collecting duct
ascending of limb loop of Henle
4. Based on the ABC model, what would be the structure of a flower (in a cross-section of the flower, from the outside to the center) that had normal expression of genes C and B but lacked expression of gene A?
C-P-P-C
C-S-S-C
S-P-P-S
S-S-C-C
C-S-C-S
C-S-S-C
If the atrioventricular node (AV node) were surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers,
no apparent effect on heart activity would be observed
only the venticles would contract
the heart rate would decrease
only the atria would contract
atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time
atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time
All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the
trachea
bronchi
alveoli
bronchioles
alveoli
Which type of surface marker is present on every nucleated cell in your body?
B receptor
T receptor
class I MHC
class II MHC
all of the above
class I MHC
The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that:
Loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure.
High amounts of salt had diffused into the fish’s cells, causing them to swell and lyse.
The kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis
The gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation.
Loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure.
What causes the pulling of the xylem sap?
The cohesion and tension hypothesis
Cohesion: molecules sticking to each other
Adhesion: molecules sticking to a surface.
What is the pathway of blood travels starting at the Right Atrium.
(Triple bonus point)
Blood flows from the Right Atrium into Right ventricle.
Blood travels to Pulmonary Arteries to the lungs.
Blood travels back to the heart using the Pulmonary Vein that enters into the Left Atrium.
Blood enters the Left Ventricle from the Left Atrium.
Blood enters the Aorta Arch and into the Vena Cava.
From the Vena Cava, it enters back into the Right Atrium using the Veins.
CFU:
What is the Vena Cava for the capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs? (Chapter 42)
If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe travels out of your nose it must pass through all of the following structures EXCEPT the
pulmonary vein
alveolus
trachea
right ventricle
right atrium
inferior vena cava
pulmonary vein
All of the following are part of our antigen specific defense mechanisms except:
acute inflammation
lymphocytes
antibody production
macrophages
acute inflammation
How does ADH function at the cellular level?
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins.
It triggers the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water.
It causes membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids.
It causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.
It decreases the speed at which filtrate flow through the nephron leading to increased reabsorption of water.
It causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.
CFU: What would be the hormone that inhibits ADH? (Chapter 44)
What are all the aquatic biomes you can remember
lakes
wetlands
streams and rivers
estuaries
intertidal zones
oceanic pelagic biome
coral reefs
Marine benthic zone
Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because?
The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid.
The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood.
The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood
The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
Describe the pathway of the air exchange in the correct order.
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea (Pass windpipe)
bronchi
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Why are polio vaccinations effective?
They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that engulf the polio virus if it enters the body.
They cause an immune response resulting in the production of cytotoxic (killer) T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body.
They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the polio virus.
They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of memory T cells that provide a limited response if infected by the polio virus.
none of the above
They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the polio virus.
List all the parts of the nephron in the order that blood/filtrate passes through?
(Double point)
Renal Corpuscle (Bowman's capsule + Glomerulus)
Proximal Tubule
Descending Limb of Loop of Henle
Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
CFU: Which of these pathways involves Active pathways? (Chapter 44)
Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules of food occurs in the
small intestine
large intestine
gallbladder
stomach
liver
small intestine
CFU: What are two hormones from the duodenum that release for regulatory sequences?