Basics
What are the the 3 main functions of the circulatory system?
Transportation = 02/CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
Protection= clotting, WBCs, antibodies, inflammatory response
Regulation= balance fluid levels, pH and temp
What are the constituents of blood, what they are composed & their relative percentages?
plasma- 55%: water, dissolved solutes ( sodium, metabolites, enzymes, antibodies, hormones and proteins)
formed elements- 45%: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
form and function of RBCs
form: biconcave, circular cells that lack nucleus and mitochondria.
function: transport O2 from lungs to tissues, and CO2 from tissue to lungs for removal from body
name the heart sounds, and what they are associated with (what part of cycle and closing and opening of)
Lub- s1, ventricular systole, AV valve closing
Dub- s2, ventricular diastole, Semilunar valve closing
Name the vessels in order of circulation leaving the heart (just the main categories)
artery-->arterioles-->capillaries-->venules-->veins
What makes up the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels and blood.
5L
What is hematocrit
% of blood volume composed of RBCs (generally 37-52%)
Most common cause of mitral regurgitation, and what structure in the heart is associated with this (hint: they are projections)
mitral valve prolapse, weak/damaged papilary muscles
Where are elastic and muscular arteries located generally, and why
elastic-closer to heart, allow for stretch
muscular-further from heart, maintain pressure
Organ that produces most blood proteins, and name which one(s) it does not
Liver
Does not make produce Gamma globulins, (antibodies) produced by B lymphocytes
There are 3 main categories of proteins, list them, their roles, ID which is the most abundant.
Albumin- ( most abundant) transports solutes, buffers pH, contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
Globulins- transportation, clotting, and immunity.
Fibrinogen- precursor for fibrin, a clotting proteins
What WBC secretes histamines and heparin, and what does each do
Basophils,
histamines - causes allergic reaction,
heparin- anticoagulant
If your patient is a 73 year old male, complaining of heart defects/problems, what should immediately come to mind (she stated this exactly in class)
atrial stenosis
in what vessel is most blood found
veins
What are 2 causes of decreased hemopoiesis
*inadequate nutrition or exercise
*atrophy of kidney
*decreased stem cell differentiation
Name the three main globulins and their roles
Alpha and Beta- transport lipid and fat soluble vitamin (DEKA);
Gamma- antibodies; arise from plasma cells, B lymphocytes
What is the process of RBC formation, what stimulates it, and how long is it
Erythropoeisis , stimulated by erythropoietin, 3 days
SA node, rt atria
compare structure of arteries to veins
arteries- more muscular, have no valves, high pressure
veins- larger lumen, have valves, can collapse
What condition, which tends to occur later in age, can lead to increased heart failure or stroke
thrombosis
Where does most hematopoiesis take place, and what progeny cell is produced
Myeloid tissue (Red bone marrow)
pluripotent stem cell
Basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils are examples of what type of cell (be specific on category)
Granulocytes
where are semilunar valves vs AV valves located
semilunar- between ventricle and artery leaving the heart
AV-between atria and ventricle
what vessel is closely related to veins in terms of structure
lymph vessels
what vitamin promotes healthy vessels
Vitamin C
Name and define a blood disorder for each category, and give an example of when it is observed/ associated disease:
erythrocyte
Leukocyte
thrombocyte
erythrocyte
*anemia- insufficient RBC or hemoglobin formation
ex. iron deficient anemia, hemolytic anemia (sickle cell, malaria, poison)
*Polycythemia- excessive RBC formation
ex. CA of bone marrow, increased Oxygen demand, decreased oxygen supply (high altitiudes)
Leukocytes
*Leukocytopenia-WBC deficiency
ex. heavy metal poison, radiation exposure, AIDs
*Leukocytosis-excessive WBCs
ex. Leukemia
Thrombocytes
Thrombocytopenia- decreased platelets
which WBC has the most prominent nucleus (for it's size)
lymphocytes
these fibers are responsible for the contraction of the ventricles
purkinje
name the three layers of a blood vessel outside in, basic component of each, and function
tunica externa-connective tissue anchors vessel, allows passage of nerves
tunica media-smooth muscle, layer that contracts/relaxes
tunica interna- simple squamous epithelia, secretes chemicals that cause dilation/constrictio