Structures and Circulation
Vessels
Controlling the Heart
Cardiac Output
Adrenergic Receptors/ Lymphatic System
Regulation
Cardiovascular Tests
100

Function of the circulatory system?

delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, cells of the immune system and other substances to body tissues, and removal of waste products of cellular metabolism.

100

Blood vessel are composed of three layers:

Inside to outside

- tunica intima

- tunica media 

- tunica externa

100
What effect does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on the heart and coronary vessels

s: increase heart rate and conduction through the nodes.

P: slows heart rate and prolongs intranodal conduction

BOTH: vasodilation of the coronary vessels

100

What is cardiac output and its normal range?

- amount of blood in L moved by the heart in 1 minute.

- normal is 4-8L/min

100

True of False:

 The lymphatic system is made up of a two way network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

False

- the lymphatic system is a ONE WAY network

100

What ensures constant coronary blood flow, maintains blood flow at a nearly constant rate between MAP of 60- 140 mmHg and enables organs to regulate blood flow by altering resistance.

Autoregulation

100

Gold standard for evaluation of structures of the heart. uses ultrasounds to view the structures and to help identify abnormal anatomy

ECHO

200

What are the three layers of the heart wall from inside the heart to outside?

- Endocardium, myocardium and then pericardium


200

pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins

pulmonary arteries are the vessels that carry the blood to the lungs from the heart.

pulmonary veins are the vessels that carry the blood from the lungs to the L atrium. 

200

What is the difference between automaticity and rhythmicity?

automaticity - property of generation spontaneous depolarization to threshold


Rhythmicity - regular generation of an action potential by the heart's conduction system

- SA - 60-100 bpm

- AV- 40-60 bpm

200

A ________ in cardiac output indicated heart failure; while a _________ in cardiac output signifies decrease systemic vascular resistance (common in sepsis)

decrease; increase

200

What adrenergic receptor is mainly in the conduction system in the heart (SA and AV nodes)

Beta 1

200

What is coronary perfusion pressure?

the difference between pressure in the aorta and pressure in the coronary vessels

200

Elicits signs and symptoms of heart disease and coronary artery disease

Exercise and stress testing

300

follow the path of a RBC through the heart and all chambers/ valves starting in the R atria.

R atria -> tricuspid valve -> R ventricle-> pulmonic valve-> pulmonary arteries -> lungs-> pulmonary veins-> L atria-> mitral valve -> L ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta-> body


300

What vessels make up the R coronary arteries?

Conus, marginal branch, posterior descending branch

300
What law pertains to the volume of blood in the heart at the end os diastole is directly related to the force of contraction during systole

Frank- Starling Law

300

How does HR vary naturally with respiration 

Inspiration - rate increase

expiration - rate decreases

300

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

it is important in fluid balance, immune function and transport of lipids, hormones and cytokines.

300

Coronary Blood flow is _______ proportional to the vascular resistance of the coronary bed.

inversely

300

Dye is injected, used to assess the lower extremity for the presence of thrombi in the large veins of the leg.

venography and arteriography

400

What is LaPlace's Law?

States that wall tension is related directly to the product of the intraventricular pressure and internal radius and inversely related to the wall thickness

- greater the wall thickness the less the wall tension

400

superior and inferior vena cava

Both the superior and inferior vena cava delivers blood from the body to the R atrium. 

400

What parts of the brain take part in cardiovascular control?

medulla - regulates HR and BP

pons

hypothalamus - HR changes in temperature 

cerebral cortex - HR in emotional states

thalamus

400

What is the equation for cardiac output

CO = HR x SV

400

Found in the heart and vascular smooth muscle 

Beta 2

400

Nitric oxide, adrenomedullin (ADM), the endothelins and prostacyclin are all what type of mediators?

vasodilating

400

evaluation of electrical conduction with the heart, provides information about the nature and causes of dysrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardias and heart block.

Electrophysiologic (EP) studies

500

What occurs with turbulent flow and what type of noise is heard on auscultation?

The vessel are obstructed/ turns/ or when blood flows over rough surfaces this creates whorls or eddy currents that produce noise. 

- murmurs are heard

500

Coronary arteries

These vessel supply the heart with necessary oxygen and nutrients. 


500

mediated by stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries sense changes in blood pressure 

Baroreceptors reflex

- BP drops, baroreceptors increase heart rate

- BP increases, baroreceptors decrease HR

500

What factors affect cardiac output?

Preload - volume inside the ventricles at the end of diastole

afterload - resistance to ejection of blood from the L ventricle 

myocardial contractility 

Heart Rate

500

Found in systemic and coronary arteries, causes smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction 

Alpha 1

500

Coronary blood flow is _____ proportional to the perfusion pressure 

directly

500

invasive procedure that provides a means to visualize the chambers of the heart continuously 

cardiac cath and angiography

600

What type of flow is described as concentric layers of molecules move "straight ahead", each layer flows at a different velocity. Why aren't all the arrows the same?

Laminar flow

- the vessel walls are preventing the blood from moving as fast because of the cohesive attraction. This causes the center of the lumen to have the highest blood velocity.

600

What vessels make up the left coronary arteries?

L anterior descending artery, circumflex, L marginal artery 
600

Changes in heart rate that occurs after IV injections of blood or other fluids

- mediated by atrial volume receptors that innervate the vagus nerve

Brainbridge reflex

600

What type of agents affect contractility and include hormones, neurotransmitters or medications

inotropic agents

600

What are characteristics of the lymphatic system?

- pumpless one way system

- contains a series of valves 

- flow of excess interstitial fluid (lymph) goes towards the heart

600

angiotensin II, vasopressin (aka antidiuretic hormone), epinephrine, and norepinephrine have what effect on vascular smooth muscle?

They are all vasoconstrictors

600

radio-pharmaceuticals are used to map the coronary arteries and myocardium

Technetium scanning

700

What is Poiseulle's law?

Resistance is DIRECTLY related to tube length and fluid viscosity 

Resistance is INVERSELY related to the radius of the tube

700

What is the order of vessels starting from arteries to larger veins

heart ->Arteries (aorta)-> arterioles-> capillaries-> venules -> larger veins (inferior vena cava)-> heart

700

What happens in the phases of the cardiac cycle?

0- depolarization

1- early repolarization - calcium slowly enters

2- plateau, continuation of repolarization with slow entry of calcium and sodium into the cell

3- potassium begins to move out of the cell

4- return to resting membrane potential

700

What hormones can have an effect on stroke volume and thus on blood pressure?

aldosterone, vasopressin and natruietic hormones

700

located in the sympathetic ganglia and nerve terminals, inhibits the release of more norepinephrine, promotes vasodilation

alpha 2 

700

Which safety mechanism prevent overstimulation and opposes Beta 1 and 2

Beta 3

700

A test that examines the waveform obtained noninvasely by placing a transducer on the skin over the carotid artery while the individual's head is turned slightly away

- provided information on the elasticity/stiffness of the arterial wall

Arterial pressure pulse wave form analysis

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