Vessels
What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel from outermost to innermost? Which layer is thicker in arteries?
1. Tunica externa
2. Tunica media (Thicker in arteries)
3. Tunica interna
Define what a bloodflow collateral is and give an example
Organs/organ systems that normally “contain” large volume of blood that can be “mobilized” when needed
ex:“Circle of Willis” : paired carotid arteries, paired vertebral arteries provides at 4
different pathways for arterial blood to enter the brain
Pineal gland
What are peyer's patches?
Lymph nodes in the intestinal tract that allow you to sample what you've eaten.
What is the total blood volume of an adult? What is the typical pH of the blood? Is it slightly acidic or basic?
5 L. 7.35-7.45. Basic
In veins, what helps propel blood back to the heart?
Skeletal muscle and one way valves
Via what structure is the adenophypohysis linked to the hypothalamus?
The pars tuberalis
What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
Anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin
What is the large lymph node found at the midline of the body in the upper abdomen called?
The cisterna chyli
What does the liver package heme into? Why does it do this?
Bilirubin. Heme that is released from RBC's is toxic and so it is important for the hepatic portal system to make it more safe for us.
What is the pattern of portal circulation?
Artery-capillary-vein-capillary-vein-heart
What is the function of hormones like adrenaline or norepinephrine?
Increase cardiac output, dilate blood vessels,
increase mental alertness, increase metabolic rate
Which part of the adrenal gland produces catecholamines like adrenaline.
The adrenal medulla
What nutrient does the lymphatic system deliver to systemic circulation?
Dietary lipids
How would you differentiate a basophil from an eosinophil? (Think color, granules, nucleus etc).
Basophil: Many granules, darker purple color, hard to see nucleus
Eosinophil: Pink from eosin, granular, bi-tri lobed nucleus
What is the umbilical cord composed of? How many of each structure is there and what are their functions? Where does each go?
Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.
Vein: Brings oxygen rich blood into fetus towards liver, two branches one to liver and one to IVC via ductus venosus.
Two arteries: Pumps oxygen poor blood back to mother with waste.
What does the placenta secrete that is used in pregnancy tests?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete? What does it antagonize?
Releases parathyroid hormone. Antagonizes calcitonin.
What percentage of plasma does not return to capillary bed but instead ends up in lymphatics?
15%
What percentage of blood volume is made up of formed elements?
What is a metarteriole?
A small artery found in some areas of the body that is able to shunt or divert blood away from a capillary bed in times of need
In the stomach which cells produce gastrin to stimulate HCl secretion?
G-cells
In the pancreas, which cells produce insulin?
Bonus for double points what are the other cells and what do they produce?
The beta cells.
Bonus: Alpha cells --->glucagon
Delta cells ---> Somatostatin
What cells are located in lymph nodes and what do they do?
Lymphocytes (T and B cells). They sample contents and either develop tolerance (self) or decided to attack (non-self)
What do monocytes become after extravasation?
Microglia, macrophages, or osteclasts.