Brown V. Board Of Education
Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people, and ensured equal protection under the laws, extending the Bill of Rights to the states
What was the 14th Amendment?
A 13 year old girl who petitioned with her older brother for peace.
Who was Mary Beth Tinker?
While in prison, Gideon petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court about his case. He argued that the 6th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed him the right to a lawyer.
What was the argument?
On December 7, 1941, during the early part of World War 11, Japan bombed the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
What happened during 1941?
Plessy had argued that Louisiana's Separate car act violated the 14th amendment to the U.S Constitution
What was the argument?
Black parents and students in several states got tired of laws that required children of color to attend separate schools from white children.
What was separate but equal?
A symbolic way of showing peace.
What were the armbands?
They are lawyers employed by the state to represent these criminal defendants.
Whats a public defender?
This case meant that during wartime it was okay for the U.S. government to violate people’s civil rights just because they looked like the enemy.
What did this case mean for the U.S. during wartime?
Is it constitutional to make black people sit in a separate car train from white people?
What was the issue?
For decades, many states had kept blacks and whites segregated, or separated from each other based on their race.
What was segregation?
The Supreme Court agreed with Tinker. In a 7-2 decision, the justices stated that the armbands were a form of symbolic speech.
What was the Supreme Court full decision?
The Supreme Court had already said that in federal courts, this meant people accused of a crime must be given a lawyer even if they can’t afford one.
What did the court say about the rights for the lawyer?
The Supreme Court disagreed. In an earlier case, the Court had said that in normal circumstances racial discrimination is unconstitutional, but the situation during the war with Japan was different.
What was the Supreme Courts full decision?
They agreed, because the Constitution only protects legal equality, not social equality.
What was the Supreme Courts decision?
The Supreme Court agreed. In a complete reversal from its decision in the Plessy case, the court said that the “separate but equal” doctrine “has no place” in public education.
What was the Supreme Court full decision?
This is the guideline courts use to determine what the school officials can and cannot prohibit.
What was the Tinker Test?
The Supreme Court agreed. The Constitution is a federal document, which means that legally, the rights it contains only protect people when dealing with the federal government.
What was the Supreme Courts full decision?
Is it constitutional to target only people of one race and violate their civil rights?
What was the issue?
Out of the nine justices, he was the only one to dissent, or disagree. He wrote that “our constitution is color-blind” and does not tolerate “classes among citizens.” He said the Court’s decision would lead to racial hatred and increased attacks against black peoples’ rights.
What did Justice Harlan do?