By Law...Sorta
Segregation that is enforced by law.
De Jure Segregation
Public Safety Commissioner of Birmingham, he ordered fire hoses used on protestors
Eugene "Bull" Connor
1954 Supreme Court ruling that racially segregated schools violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Brown vs. Board of Education
After the arrest of Rosa Parks, citizens got together to take action. Under the leadership of ML King and ED Nixon, this took place for more than 370 days when the black residents of refused to ride the buses that would not allow desegregation. Though tens of thousands walked for 12 months, what forced the buses to desegregate was not the boycott but a Supreme Court decision.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King protest techniques that did not involve violence of any kind
peaceful/nonviolent protests
Many southern states (and the District of Columbia… and some Western states) had local laws that prohibited Blacks from using the same public facilities as Whites.
Jim Crow Laws
NAACP secretary who prompted the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat in 1955
Rosa Parks
Supreme Court case which established separate but equal & led to Jim Crow laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus orders the National Guard to turn away students who volunteered to integrate into a High School.
Little Rock Nine
What was it called when black students sat at white diner table
lunch counter sit-ins
A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Member of the Nation of Islam, Early Views:
Advocated armed self-defense: “By Any Means Necessary”Rejected white allies: Whites were the cause of Black problems.
Malcom X
In what city did members of the KKK bomb a church killing 4 little girls, which lead to the greater demands for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Burmingham, Alabama
Hoped to test the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals. Many of the “riders” were attacked, beaten, arrested.
Freedom Rides
Name of the organization co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr. “to carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship,"and organized demonstrations and protests throughout the South.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Banned the use of literacy tests (barrier to suffrage). Allowed federal registration of voters. The tripled number of African American voters in the South.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
Martin Luther King Jr.
This president support Civil Rights but was assassinated before many of his ideas came to pass
John F. Kennedy
The goal of this movement was to help teach people in Mississippi how to register to vote. It led to the killings of 3 young men by some of the most powerful individuals in this town.
Freedom Summer
An organization of college students upset that the pace of change was too slow. Focused on organizing voter registration movements in the South.
SNCC
Segregation that exists by practice or custom.
De Facto Segregation
JFK's vice-president who signed the 3 biggest civil rights acts of the 1960s
Lyndon B. Johnson
Alabama governor refuses to integrate Alabama University. Proclaims, “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!”
Gov. George Wallace
A 50-mile protest march from Selma to Montgomery to raise awareness for the passage of a voting rights bill.
The Selma Campaign
Name of MLK's speech given at the Lincoln Memorial
"I have a dream"