Legal Changes
These laws enforced racial segregation in the South.
Jim Crow Laws
This act of defiance by Rosa Parks led to a major bus boycott, causing economic pressure on bus companies.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
This organization focused on economic opportunity and jobs for African Americans.
National Urban League
This law banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This movement emphasized integration and cooperation between races.
Civil Rights Movement
This organization used court cases to challenge segregation.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
These protests used direct action at segregated lunch counters in North Carolina to challenge Jim Crow laws.
Greensboro Sit-ins
This student-led organization, originally supported nonviolent direct actions but later shifted toward Black Power ideology.
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
This law protected African Americans’ right to vote by eliminating poll taxes and literacy tests.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This movement, led by Stokely Carmichael, emphasized racial pride and self-determination.
Black Power Movement
This 1954 Supreme Court case declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Brown v Board of Education
These activists rode interstate buses to challenge segregation.
Freedom Rides
This organization, led by MLK, coordinated nonviolent protest campaigns.
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
This law banned discrimination in housing, as a response to urban unrest and housing discrimination.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act)
This document outlined demands for jobs, housing, and an end to police brutality.
10-Point Program
This NAACP attorney argued for Brown before the Supreme Court.
Thurgood Marshall
This 1963 event demonstrated broad public support for civil rights reform.
March on Washington
This former Nation of Islam leader rejected nonviolence and later broadened his views after leaving the organization.
Malcom X
This Alabama march directly pressured Congress to pass voting protections.
Selma to Montgomery March (Selma March)
This organization created the 10-Point Program (which demanded jobs, housing, education, and an end to police brutality), reflecting a shift toward community control and self-defense.
Black Panther Party
These students tested enforcement of Brown v. Board of Education by integrating Central High School in Arkansas.
Little Rock Nine
This 1965 campaign focused on registering African American voters in Mississippi.
Freedom Summer
This university educated many Civil Rights leaders, including Thurgood Marshall.
Howard University
This event in Los Angeles reflected frustration in Northern cities due to inequality and police brutality.
Watts Riot
Unlike the SCLC, this organization discouraged cooperation with whites and promoted Black nationalism.
Nation of Islam