Intro
the illegal practice of one person submitting multiple ballots during a vote in which only one ballot per person is permitted.
ballot stuffing
exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.
grandfather clause
students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas
Little Rock Nine
a Maryland Court of Appeals decision which found "the state has undertaken the function of education in the law, but has omitted students of one race from the only adequate provision made for it, and omitted them solely because of their color."
Murray vs. Pearson 1935 (or Murray vs. Maryland)
a policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. of Virginia to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation, particularly after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954
Massive Resistance
a critical means for the maintenence of white control in the South.
the state of being deprived of a right or privilege, especially the right to vote.
disenfranchisement of blacks
a leader in the Civil Rights Movement, the American labor movement, and socialist political parties. In 1925, he organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly African-American labor union. He threatened a march on Washington during WWII to protest discrimination in defense factories and the armed forces.
A. Philip Randolph
landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".
Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896
a new Supreme Court chief justice who supported civil rights (1953). He became known as the leader of the most liberal or progressive Supreme Court in U.S. history.
Warren court
Governor Faubus closed all four high schools in Little Rock, Arkansas
The Lost Year
the second phase of disenfranchisement for blacks in the south
Redemption
the president who de-segregated the army after WWII
Truman
he served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and and marks a shift in Supreme Court rulings from conservative to more liberal
Earl Warren
refers to the legal separation of groups in society.
de jure segregation
"We are not asking for an end to segregation. That's a matter for the legislature and the courts......All we are seeking is justice and fair treatment in riding the buses" MLK
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955
a tax levied on every adult, without reference to income or resources.
poll tax
a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
Brown v Board of Education 1954
a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional, though what counts as obviously unconstitutional is itself a matter of some debate
judicial restraint
Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black,
de facto segregation
She appeared in court for refusing to give up her seat on a bus, was found guilty of violating the law, and was fined $14.
Rosa Parks
Southern state legislatures employed this tactic as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century. Along with poll taxes, residency and property restrictions and extra-legal activities (violence, intimidation) were all used to deny suffrage to African Americans.
literacy test
the city and state where Central High School is located
Little Rock, Arkansas
the interbreeding of people of different races
miscegenation
the concept that states could place themselves between the federal government and the citizens of the state when state officials felt the federal government had exceeded its constitutional powers.
interposition
civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional.The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them
Freedom Riders