History
The first reform school for girls in the United States was opened in:
Rochester, New York.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Elgin, Chicago.
Lancaster, Massachusetts.
Lancaster, Massachusetts.
The focus of the positive school of thought is on _________.
punishment
deterrence
rehabilitation
incapacitation
rehabilitation
The procedure by which juvenile court staff decide whether to process a case further in court, handle the case informally, or dismiss the case is called _________.
probation
diversion
release
intake
Intake
In the context of the primary system reform mandates of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, the Sight and Sound Separation mandate provides that:
no status offender or nonoffender may be held in secure detention or confinement.
juveniles shall not be detained or confined in a secure institution in which they have contact with incarcerated adults.
facilities outside a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area may hold an accused juvenile delinquent for up to 24 hours, excluding weekends and holidays, while awaiting an initial court appearance.
states should address efforts to reduce the number of minority youth in secure facilities where the proportion of minority youth in confinement exceeds the proportion such groups represent in the general population.
Juveniles shall not be detained or confined in a secure institution in which they have contact with incarcerated adults.
If you are executed because you have stolen a sheep in order that others may not steal sheep, it is an example of _________.
proposed deterrence
specific deterrence
general deterrence
actual deterrence
General deterrence
Which of the following was the first legislation in the United States to specifically provide for a separate system of juvenile justice?
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974
The Balanced Juvenile Justice and Crime Prevention Act of 1996
The Juvenile Justice Act of 1901
The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899
The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899
Variables that, by their presence or absence, are correlated with delinquency are called _________.
critical variables
risk factors
causal factors
spurious variables
Risk factors
Any behavior that is prohibited by the juvenile law of a state is called _________.
a felony
delinquency
a diversion
mens rea
Delinquency
According to the susceptibility theory, juveniles with learning disabilities commit delinquent acts because they frequently act out of _________.
fear
impulse
anxiety
resentment
Impulse
In the context of the juvenile justice system, the term parens patriae means:
bad parent.
proper parent.
state as parent.
child's parent.
State as parent.
The Denver Youth Survey was designed to assess the level and correlates of juvenile crime, and the survey respondents were 1,527 children and youth. Research conducted in the survey revealed that:
the best predictor of victimization was being female.
most youths were both victims and perpetrators of crime.
less than one-third of the youths were chronic multiple victims.
20 to 35 percent of juveniles were victims of violent offenses or theft over a five-year period (1987–1991).
Most youths were both victims and perpetrators of crime.
Which of the following is a key concept of the positive school of thought?
determinism
free will
punishment
the pleasure-pain principle
hedonistic calculus
Determinism
A procedure by which a juvenile is removed from the juvenile justice process and provided with treatment services is called _________.
probation
diversion
adjudication
disposition
Diversion
The positive school of thought believes that behavior is:
beyond an individual's control.
a product of free will.
created by spirits and gods.
a product of an individual's conscience.
Beyond an individual's control.
Crimes in which victims are often willing participants, such as prostitution and drug use, are known as _________.
opportunity crimes
dark crimes
habitual crimes
victim-precipitated crimes
victimless crimes
Victimless crimes
Cesare Beccaria believed that punishment should be _________.
swift
certain
severe
All of these answers are correct.
All of these answers are correct.
In the context of the historical assumptions of juvenile justice, which of the following is a goal of the traditional model of juvenile justice?
holding juveniles accountable
ensuring the intellectual development of juveniles by treating them as adults
preventing future delinquency through treatment and rehabilitation
protecting a juvenile's rights through parole and aftercare
Preventing future delinquency through treatment and rehabilitation
The rule used in collecting data for the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) that states that only the most serious crime in any one criminal event will be counted is called the _________.
hierarchy rule
cumulative rule
aggregate data rule
consequences rule
Hierarchy rule
In the context of the three measures of juvenile crime, which of the following is true of self-report surveys?
They fail to provide insights into motivation, demographics, and correlates of juvenile crime.
They are a poor measure of status offending victimless crimes involving juveniles.
They are the most accurate measure of juvenile crime and offending.
They are insusceptible to problems such as exaggeration and confusion over definitions.
They are the most accurate measure of juvenile crime and offending.
In the context of the three measures of juvenile crime, which of the following is a strength of official statistics?
They allow for trend analysis and comparisons over time.
They accurately track the dark figure of crime.
They provide the most accurate measure of juvenile crime.
They include all juveniles who are processed informally.
They allow for trend analysis and comparisons over time.
The juvenile court system in the United States has been in existence since _________.
1899
In the context of the historical assumptions of juvenile justice, which of the following is an assumption of the punitive model of juvenile justice?
Protection of a juvenile's rights is of utmost importance.
The level of discretion in dealing with juveniles is directly related to the seriousness of the crime committed.
Prevention of future delinquency can be achieved through treatment and rehabilitation.
Records are essential to holding the youth accountable and protecting society.
Records are essential to holding the youth accountable and protecting society.
A law passed by Congress in 1996 that embraces the punitive and accountability assumptions advocated in the late 1970s and 1980s and continues into today is the:
Balanced Juvenile Justice and Crime Prevention Act.
Reformatory Act.
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.
Illinois Juvenile Court Act.
Balanced Juvenile Justice and Crime Prevention Act.
Which of the following is true of routine activities theory?
It suggests that there are differences between the body types of delinquents and nondelinquents.
It is based on the positive school of criminological thought.
It contends that the motivation to commit crime and the supply of offenders are constant.
It assumes that offenders are biologically inferior to nonoffenders.
It contends that the motivation to commit crime and the supply of offenders are constant.
The legal concept of allowing the state to "act in place of the parents" is called _________.
actus reus
parens patriae
in loco parentis
Ex Parte Crouse
In loco parentis