Early Positivism
This trait was used by Lombroso to describe criminals as more primitive, less evolved humans.
The totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of society that forms a determinate system with a life of its own.
What is collective conscience?
Merton's anomie theory is rooted in the work from this scholar.
Who is Durkheim?
General strain theory builds directly off of this theory.
What is Anomie theory?
The zone where Burgess argues most crime occurs.
What is zone 2 (interstitial zone)?
This scientist argued criminals were feebleminded based on scores from intelligence tests administered to inmates.
Who is Goddard?
Durkheim uses this term to describe societies like our own that have high division of labor and low social solidarity.
What is organic?
This category involves individuals who reject legitimate goals, but accept legitimate means to achieve them.
What is ritualism?
Agnew's three sources of strain include the removal of positively-valued stimuli, the addition of negatively-valued stimuli, and this.
What is goal failure?
Social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene.
What is collective efficacy?
Sheldon argued that this temperament, linked to the mesomorphic body type, causes crime.
What is somotonic?
Durkheim uses this term to describe when there is a lack of regulation of individuals by society.
What is anomie?
Merton argues this category of individuals are most likely to be involved in crime.
What is innovation?
What are negative emotions?
This term is described as when neighborhoods lack residential and institutional stability.
What is social disorganization?
Lombroso later revised his evolutionary theory of crime to include this type of criminal who engages in crime because an opportunity presents itself.
What is criminaloid
According to Durkheim, this causes crime because, among other things, it leads to egoism and anomie among individuals in society.
What is rapid change (or modernization)?
The starting point of the criminal process in Merton's theory, according to the propositions.
What is goal/mean contradiction?
Agnew extends his theory by arguing that individuals with negative emotionality and this trait are more like to cope with strain by engaging in crime.
What is low constraint (self-control)?
This term used by Park, one of the scholars who influenced the development of social disorganization theory, refers to the notion that neighborhoods can be studies similar to a living organism.
What is superorganism?
Facial and other bodily aspects represent developmental problems
What is physiognomy?
A criticism of Durkheim, contemporary findings show that modernization is related to this type of change in violent crime.
What is decrease?
This criticism of Merton's anomie theory might point out that it does not explain well crime by the middle and upper class.
What is limited scope?
This criticism of general strain theory relates to the findings about social support.
What are mixed findings?
The two mechanisms through which social disorganization in neighborhoods leads to crime.
What are social control and collective efficacy?