Social Learning & Social Control
Formal social control is enforced by these actors or agencies
Law, government, police
Marx argues society is made up of these two major social classes
Bourgeoisie and proletariat
Offending behavior peaks during these ages, then declines significantly
Mid to late teens
This crime refers to both making someone fear imminent violence and inflicting bodily harm upon them
Assault
Political crimes differ in this way from other crimes previously examined in the course
Not engaged in for personal gain, and/or intentionally public
A general theory of crime
Karl Marx was writing during this period of significant social and economic change
Industrial Revolution
This critical criminological theory argues that we need to pay close attention to how crime is represented through things like the media and TV shows
Cultural criminology
The difference between manslaughter, second-degree murder, and first-degree murder is best conceptualized as this factor
Level of intent
Terrorism
Differential association theory is most commonly tested by measuring this about one's social circle
Delinquent peers
Criminological theories which argue that society's definitions of crime arise out of a shared sense of right and wrong are termed this
Consensus theories
True or False: Lower-class people commit more crime than upper-class individuals
False
This crime refers to when someone steals property using either the threat of imminent violence or actual violence
Robbery
Black Power movements like the Weather Underground and anti-abortion activists were used in class as an example of this type of political crime
Violent political crime against the state
Self-control theory argues that one's level of self control becomes fixed and unchanging around this age
8 to 10 years old
Marx argues that the economic system of production (also known as the base) influences society's law, morality, and culture (also known as this)
Superstructure
This approach argues that the criminal justice system should focus on making right the harms of crime and seeking resolutions that are acceptable to the victim and offender, rather than punishing and labeling the offender
Restorative justice
Research into robbery tells us that most people commit robbery for these reasons
Supporting habits like gambling, alcohol use, and drug use
This political crime requires a politician or official to accept money in exchange for a specific favor or action
Bribery
In social control theory, Travis Hirschi argued that these four factors make up the social bond
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief
The pyrrhic defeat theory argues this about the functions of the criminal justice system (2-part answer)
1) The criminal justice system fails at controlling crime
2) The way the criminal justice system fails at controlling crime provides so many benefits to those in power that they have no incentive to change it
Feminist criminologists argued that traditional criminology failed to ask these two important questions, which led to an inability to consider gender-based explanations for crime
1) Why are so many men committing crime?
2) Why are women committing the crimes they do, even if it is a small number?
This form of intimate partner violence refers to a pattern of violence committed by one partner, whereby violence is only one aspect of a larger exercise of control
Patriarchal Terrorism
The definition of political crime includes acts that do not violate the law, but are unethical in nature. Why is this?
States may also commit political crimes, but states make laws. The expansion is to include acts committed by the state.