Introduction to Criminology
The word "criminology" means this
The scientific study of crime and deviance
This type of deterrence is aimed at the public (non-offenders)
General deterrence
This phrase refers to a sense of normlessness brought on by rapid social change
Anomie
This city is best associated with social disorganization explanations for crime
Chicago
The source of data for the Uniform Crime Report
Police-reported crime statistics
Punishment by the justice system frequently results in this effect on future offending
Increase
Rational choice theory expands on deterrence by considering this type of costs and benefits of crime
Informal
These are manners of acting, thinking, and feeling which are external to the individual but exercise coercive power over them
Social Facts
The "Concentric Zones" model found that deviance did this as one moved from the center of the city towards the suburbs
Decreased
The percentage of law enforcement agencies which report to the Uniform Crime Report
98.1
Classical criminology views the cause of crime as this
A rational choice based on costs and benefits
According to deterrence theory, punishment must be these three things in order to be an effective deterrent
Swift, certain, appropriately severe
Merton terms the response to strain which includes accepting the cultural goals but rejecting the institutionalized means as this
Innovation
Labeling theory argues that the way an activity is perceived is the only real difference between whether it is deviant or normal, which is rephrasing of this key concept in criminology
The social construction of crime and deviance
Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey indicates that crime has been moving in this direction since the 1990s
Down
This phrase refers to animalistic features and characteristics allegedly possessed by offenders
Atavism
Scientific evaluations of general deterrence find that the effect is strongest amongst this group of people
Individuals highly committed to criminal activity
The words nonultilitarian, negativistic, and malicious explain the activities of these groups, according to Albert Cohen
Youth gangs
One critique of Shaw & McKay's study on social disorganization was that it relied too heavily on this type of crime statistics
Police and court-reported statistics
This problem with victimization surveys refers to the fact that some victims might not perceive themselves as victims, and therefore not report being victimized when they actually were
Self-identification bias
Adolphe Quetelet described crime as having constant causes, which he identified as these three characteristics
Age, gender, occupation
Stafford and Warr (1993) claimed that previous iterations of deterrence theory were missing these key important things
Personal experiences with punishment avoidance, vicarious experiences with punishment and punishment avoidance
Durkheim makes these three claims about the nature of crime in society
Crime is normal, inevitable, and functional
Scientific evaluations of labeling theory find that the social effects of primary deviance do not manifest for this social group
Low-income, inner-city youth
Self-report surveys, 2.5x