Order in the Court
This court is the highest appellate court in the United States.
What is the U.S. Supreme Court?
At this initial court appearance, the defendant hears the charges and enters a plea.
What is an arraignment?
This sentencing philosophy argues that offenders should receive punishment proportionate to the harm they caused.
What is just desert?
The most common community-based sanction involves supervised release in the community.
What is probation?
A facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants.
What is a jail?
This type of punishment is banned under the 8th amendment.
What is cruel and unusual?
This legal philosophy views the state as the guardian of children.
What is parens patriae?
This attorney represents the government and decides whether to bring charges against a defendant.
Who is the prosecutor?
This is the monetary amount required to ensure the defendant returns for future proceedings.
What is bail?
This sentencing type sets a fixed term, such as “3 years in prison.”
What is a determinate sentence?
This sanction requires offenders to compensate victims for losses such as medical bills or property damage.
What is monetary restitution?
This 18th-century Philadelphia jail is considered the birthplace of the modern U.S. penitentiary.
What is the Walnut Street Jail?
The process by which inmates adapt to prison culture.
What is prisonization?
A juvenile who commits an act that is illegal only because of age (e.g., truancy) is called this.
What is a status offender?
An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
What is a public defender?
This group determines whether sufficient evidence exists to indict a suspect.
What is the grand jury?
A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties.
What is general deterrence?
Typically, part of a house arrest order, this enables the probation department to ensure that offenders are complying with court-ordered limitations on their freedom.
What is electronic monitoring (EM)?
This prison model, used in New York, involved inmates working together during the day but separated at night.
What is the congregate (Auburn) system?
This policy provides only the bare minimum of services, emphasizing punishment over comfort.
What is the no-frills policy?
The early reform movement, led by civic leaders, aimed at helping wayward youth through guidance.
Who were the child savers?
The practice by private attorneys of taking the cases of indigent offenders without fee as a service to the profession and the community.
What is pro bono?
This process allows attorneys to dismiss potential jurors for unexplained reasons.
What is a peremptory challenge?
This sentencing system requires offenders to serve at least 85% of their sentence before being eligible for early release.
What is truth in sentencing?
This assessment tool evaluates how likely an offender is to reoffend.
What is risk classification?
This term refers to privately run temporary facilities used to transition inmates back to society.
What is a halfway house?
A legal doctrine that shields government officials from liability if their conduct did not violate clearly established civil rights that a reasonable person would have known about.
What is qualified immunity?
A group created by Charles Loring Brace to place indigent city children with farm families.
What is the Children’s Aid Society?
An order of a superior court requesting that a record of an inferior court (or administrative body) be brought forward for review or inspection.
What is a writ of certiorari?
This constitutional principle gives defendants the right to see and cross-examine witnesses against them.
What is the Confrontation Clause?
This argument suggests the death penalty may actually increase violence by legitimizing it.
What is the brutalization effect?
This justice model emphasizes repairing harm by involving victims, offenders, and the community.
What is restorative justice?
A short-term correctional program based on a boot camp approach that makes use of a military-like regimen of high-intensity physical training.
What is shock-incarceration?
A form of parole characterized by smaller caseloads and closer surveillance; it may include frequent drug testing and, in some cases, electronic monitoring.
What is Intensive Supervision Parole (ISP)?
Sixteenth-century English laws under which vagrants and abandoned and neglected children were bound to masters as indentured servants.
What are Poor Laws?