Pharmacology Basics
This subset of adverse drug events refers to harm directly caused by a drug at normal doses.
What is an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?
What does PK and PD stand for in pharmacology?
What are pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics?
What organ is primarily responsible for the first-pass effect?
What is the liver?
What is the major organ responsible for drug metabolism?
What is the liver?
Which bacteria is Gram-positive: Klebsiella, Staph aureus, E. coli, or Pseudomonas?
What is Staph aureus?
This term describes how much drug is needed to produce a biological effect.
What is potency?
What term refers to the range of doses that provides therapeutic benefit without toxicity?
What is the therapeutic window?
Which route of administration avoids first-pass metabolism?
What is IV, sublingual, or transdermal?
This system of enzymes in the liver plays a major role in drug metabolism.
What is the CYP-450 system?
What tool helps clinicians choose appropriate antibiotics by showing local resistance patterns?
What is an antibiogram?
This term refers to the maximum effect a drug can produce, regardless of dose.
What is efficacy?
Which ratio is used to determine drug safety and is calculated as TD50 / ED50?
What is the Therapeutic Index (TI)?
This drug is not given orally due to high first-pass metabolism and is instead given sublingually or via patch
What is nitroglycerin?
Smoking induces CYP1A2. What happens to drug levels of olanzapine, a CYP1A2 substrate, when a patient starts smoking?
What is decreased efficacy due to increased metabolism?
This term refers to a coordinated effort to optimize antibiotic prescribing and reduce resistance.
What is antibiotic stewardship?
This term describes the ability of a drug to produce maximum stimulation of its target receptor, once bound.
What is intrinsic activity?
This is the lowest concentration of drug needed to start producing a therapeutic effect.
What is the Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)?
What is the term that refers to the percentage of drug that enters the systemic circulation in an active form?
What is bioavailability?
If a drug is highly protein bound and albumin is low, how does this affect the free (active) drug?
It increases the free drug level, raising risk for toxicity.
Which drug has a black box warning for tendon rupture, especially in the elderly or those on steroids?
What are fluoroquinolones?
his concept refers to the preference for one isomer over another when binding to a drug receptor, such as the R-isomer in levalbuterol.
What is stereoselectivity?
What pharmacokinetic term describes the time it takes for the drug to reach its maximum therapeutic effect?
What is peak response (or time to peak concentration)?
A drug has a 25% oral bioavailability. How many times higher does the PO dose need to be compared to IV?
What is 4x?
A patient takes ketoconazole (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) and aripiprazole (a CYP3A4 substrate). What risk arises?
What is increased risk of toxicity from higher aripiprazole levels?
A patient taking SSRIs is prescribed linezolid. What adverse effect are you concerned about?
What is serotonin syndrome?