CELLULAR BIOLOGY
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
What molecule carries genetic information?
DNA
What are tiny organisms that usually require a microscope to see?
Microorganisms
Which organ pumps blood?
Heart
What are small non-vascular plants called?
Bryophytes
Which organelle produces ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate) -energy for cell
Mitochondria
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Has two strands twisted together like a ladder.(double-stranded)
RNA: Usually has only one strand.(single-stranded)
Name two types of microorganisms.
Bacteria and fungi (also viruses and protozoa).
How many chambers does the human heart have?
Four
Which plants reproduce by spores and have vascular tissue?
Pteridophytes
What controls what enters and leaves the cell?
Cell membrane
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = Genetic makeup (the genes or alleles an organism has).
Phenotype = Physical appearance or observable characteristics (such as brown eyes, blue eyes, or tall height).
What system protects the body against pathogens?
Immune system
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away; veins carry blood toward the heart.
what is the two difference between xylem and phloem?
Xylem: Transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Made mostly of dead cells.
Phloem: Transports sugar (food) from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Made of living cells.
Explain the difference between plant and animal cells.
Plant cell: Cell wall + chloroplasts + large vacuole+lack lysosome
Animal cell: No cell wall + no chloroplasts + small vacuoles +have lysosome
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant allele: Shows its effect even when only one copy is present.(B)
Recessive allele: Usually shows its effect only when two copies are present.(b)
Explain the five stages of infection.
Entry, attachment, survival, tissue damage and release/spread.
Explain pulmonary and systemic circulation.
pulmonary circulation-Blood travels between heart and lungs.
systemic circulation- Blood travels between heart and body.
Explain the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Naked seeds versus seeds enclosed in fruits.
Gymnosperms: Plants that produce naked seeds, usually in cones (e.g- pine trees).
Angiosperms: Flowering plants that produce seeds inside fruits (e.g-apple trees).
Compare mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis produces two identical cells; meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.
If two parents are Aa × Aa, what percentage of offspring will be aa?
25%
Punnett square: Aa x Aa
Parent 1: Aa; gametes: A, a
Parent 2: Aa; gametes: A, a
Offspring cells:
AA | Aa
Aa | aa
Genotype outcomes: AA 1/4 (25%); Aa 2/4 (50%); aa 1/4 (25%)
Phenotype outcomes: dominant 75%; recessive 25%
Why do viruses need host cells to reproduce?
They depend on the host cell's machinery to make more viruses.
What is homeostasis? Give two examples.
Maintaining stable internal conditions, such as body temperature and blood glucose.
What is sustainable forest management, and why is it important?
sustainable forest management means using and protecting forests responsibly so they can grow back and remain healthy for future generations.It is important because it protects biodiversity, wildlife habitats and natural resources while maintaining healthy forests.