Upper Class
What does RP stand for?
Received Pronunciation
True or False: Unlike historical upper-class status, middle-class status is often achieved by individuals working their way up through education and occupation.
True
What type of jobs are traditionally linked to the working/lower class?
Manual labor jobs
A person’s social class is defined by their __.
socio-economic status
In the Philippines, what language or accent do many people commonly associate with families of high social status and wealth?
English/Conyo/Yayamanin Accent
People in the middle class are often defined by having professional careers. Name two jobs that are usually linked to the middle class.
Doctors, lawyers, or teachers (accept any valid professional job)
True or False: A non-standard language variety is automatically an incorrect form of language.
False
________ is a form of tangible resource that can be used to gain social status or power. It is often associated with cultural knowledge, skills, and tastes.
Symbolic capital
Say “Para po” in an Upper Class way of speaking.
Answers may vary (but mostly through conyo way, englishera, etc)
When middle-class speakers change how they talk to sound more educated or avoid being judged, they are showing ___.
Language awareness
An upper-class speaker might ask, "Shall we head out to grab a bite?" What is the casual lower-class or street-level (salitang kanto) counterpart phrase used to ask the exact same thing?
"Lamon tayo sa labas"
"Lafang na"
It occurs when a speaker tries to distance themselves from negative perceptions.
Divergence
According to sociolinguist Penelope Eckert, upper-class language features are not just grammar structures, but are used by speakers to construct social meanings and negotiate their social_________ .
Identity (or Power)
Upward social mobility into the middle class often leads people to try so hard to sound formal that they over-correct their grammar. What is this mistake called?
Hypercorrection
According to Peter Trudgill’s 1974 Norwich study, speakers from the lower class used a higher incidence of _____________ variants during informal conversations compared to formal situations.
non–standards
In William Labov: Martha’s Vineyard Study in 1961, a small group of fishermen began to subconsciously alter their language and exaggerate the older, more traditional pronunciation that made them different from tourists. This is an example of ___ as the fishermen took pride in their language and local identity.
Covert Prestige
In Labov’s New York department-store study, which store showed the highest use of pronounced /r/, a feature associated with higher-status speech?
Saks
Which term describes a speaker adopting features of a prestige accent—like Received Pronunciation (RP)—to appear more intelligent or higher class?
Convergence (or Linguistic Convergence / Style-Shifting)
93
What is the difference between overt prestige and covert prestige?
Overt prestige is when a speaker takes pride in using more standard, formal language. On the other hand, covert prestige is when someone takes pride in using their regional accent or other non-standard forms of language.