Transcription/translation and Genes
During transcription, ____ is made
Messenger RNA
Why do we need oxygen in order to do get ATP from cellular respiration?
Oxygen is needed as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
What are plasmodesmata?
Pores between plant cells
What are the three stages of transcription/translation?
Initiation, elongation, and termination
What kind of reactions fuel the Electron Transport Chain?
Redox reactions
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis makes gametes
Mitosis duplicates cells
What are the three main processes of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.
What is a codon?
A set of 3 mRNA base pairs coding for an amino acid
What are the high energy electron carriers used in cellular respiration?
NADH and FADH2
What nucleotide pairs do you find in DNA?
A and T
G and C
What is photorespiration?
Rubisco reacts with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, wasting energy and carbon.
What is an enzyme?
A protein that acts as a catalyst in reactions
What happens to introns in mRNA?
They get chopped out during post-translational modification
How many ATP do you get (theoretically) from a glucose molecule?
36
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic viral infections?
Lysogenic = viral DNA integrates into host, sometimes without causing symptoms
Lytic = replication of virus leads to lysis upon infection
What is an operon?
A group of bacterial genes with one promoter
Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that (usually) codes for a protein
Name two reasons a cell might undergo apoptosis
Cellular damage; fetal development
What are the three types of RNA from Chapter 7, and what do they do?
tRNA, rRNA, mRNA
The five stages of viral replication can be summarized as APSAR. What are the stages?
Attachment, Penetration, Synthesis, and Release
How is milk made by cells?
Nucleus sends genetic information out nuclear pore. Lipids/fats are made in the SER. Proteins come from RER. Golgi packages them up and sends them out in a secretory vesicle
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic infections (bacteria)?
Lysogenic = viral DNA integrates into host, sometimes without causing symptoms
Lytic = replication of virus leads to lysis upon infection
What three things are produced in glycolysis?
Pyruvate, NADH, and 2 ATP