DNA & Genetics
What molecule carries genetic instructions for life?
DNA
What tool is used to predict the probability of genetic crosses?
Punnett Square
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA of an organism.
What type of reproduction requires two parents and results in genetic diversity?
Sexual reproduction
Gregor Mendel is known as the "___________."
Father of genetics
What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
If a plant has the genotype Tt, what type of allele combination is this?
Heterozygous
What is an example of a helpful mutation?
A plant developing disease resistance.
What is the name for reproduction that only requires one parent and produces identical offspring?
Asexual reproduction
Why did Mendel use pea plants for his experiments?
They grow quickly and have easily observable traits.
What is the process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself?
Replication
What type of allele must be present in two copies to be expressed in the phenotype?
Recessive allele
What is genetic engineering?
Modifying an organism's DNA to change or add traits.
What process allows an organism to take in new DNA from its environment?
DNA Transformation
What is Mendel's Law of Dominance?
Some traits will always be expressed over others when present.
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
It carries DNA genetic instructions from the DNA to the ribosome.
A pea plant is homozygous dominant (TT) for the tall trait. What is its phenotype?
Tall
Name one real-word example of genetic engineering.
pest-resistant crops, insulin production, glowing jellyfish
What is the difference between ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy?
Ex vivo: cells are modified outside the body; in vivo: cells are modified inside the body
If a black rabbit (BB) and a white rabbit (bb) mate, what color will their offspring be?
All black - Bb
What is the process where mRNA is decoded to make a protein?
Translation
If two herozygous individuals (Aa) are crossed, what is the genotype ratio of the offspring?
1 AA: 2 Aa: 1 aa
What is recombinant DNA technology?
Combining DNA from different sources to create a new genetic sequence.
What role does tRNA play in protein synthesis?
It carries amino acids to the ribosome.
What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
Genes for different traits are inherited independently.